Prediction of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury Using Quantitative Electroencephalogram in a Porcine Experimental Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Study Design and Setting
2.3. Experimental Animal and Housing
2.4. Surgical Procedure and Haemodynamic Measurements
2.5. EEG Signal Acquisition
2.6. Data Processing
2.7. Prediction Model Development and Validation
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
EEG Parameters | Definition | Domain |
---|---|---|
Magnitude of EEG | Maximal amplitude during the epoch | Time |
DeltaR | log(P8–20 Hz/P1–4 Hz) | Frequency |
DTABR | log(P1–8 Hz/P8–30 Hz) | Frequency |
ThetaPR | P4–8 Hz/P0.5–47 Hz | Frequency |
GammaPR | P30–47 Hz/P0.5–47 Hz | Frequency |
Log energy entropy | Entropy | |
SD_theta | Standard deviation of the amplitude in the theta band (4−8 Hz) | Frequency |
SD_alpha | Standard deviation of the amplitude in the alpha band (8−13 Hz) | Frequency |
SD_beta | Standard deviation of the amplitude in the beta band (13−30 Hz) | Frequency |
SD_gamma | Standard deviation of the amplitude in the theta band (30−47 Hz) | Frequency |
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Study Group | Derivation Group (N = 21) | Validation Group (N = 9) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-Value | |
Bwt, Kg | 41.3 (2.3) | 44.8 (2.3) | <0.01 | |
SBP, mmHg | 108.9 (14.5) | 105.3 (14.4) | <0.01 | |
DBP, mmHg | 71.2 (13.9) | 65.4 (11.2) | <0.01 | |
MAP, mmHg | 83.8 (13.9) | 78.7 (12.1) | <0.01 | |
HR, beat/min | 99.1 (16.9) | 91.6 (11.0) | <0.01 | |
BT, °C | 37.2 (1.1) | 36.2 (1.0) | <0.01 | |
ICP, mmHg | 12.4 (6.0) | 15.5 (4.9) | <0.01 | |
ABGA | pH | 7.56 (0.05) | 7.52 (0.03) | 0.1 |
pCO2 | 33.66 (7.10) | 39.44 (3.85) | 0.03 | |
pO2 | 156.92 (102.32) | 113.92 (54.99) | 0.25 | |
SpO2 | 98.41 (2.77) | 97.96 (1.66) | 0.65 | |
HCO3 | 29.84 (4.41) | 32.70 (3.75) | 0.1 | |
Hb | 9.39 (1.38) | 9.52 (0.89) | 0.8 | |
Na | 136.56 (4.73) | 139.91 (2.65) | 0.06 | |
LA | 1.64 (0.72) | 1.87 (0.49) | 0.4 |
Variables | ICP < 20 mmHg | ICP 20~30 mmHg | ICP 30~40 mmHg | ICP 40~50 mmHg | ICP ≥ 50 mmHg | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 90.2 (12.2) | 91.6 (19.6) | 101.1 (21.6) | 98.2 (24.4) | 120.1 (11.2) | <0.001 | |
Heartrate, rate/min | 96.1 (16.9) | 103.2 (19.6) | 104.9 (20.4) | 114.8 (30.4) | 134.8 (52.0) | <0.001 | |
EEG Indexes | Magnitude of EEG | 32.51 (17.14) | 33.54 (15.44) | 37.49 (18.20) | 37.68 (17.44) | 41.51 (9.83) | <0.001 |
DELTAR | −0.81 (0.31) | −0.72 (0.42) | −0.87 (0.40) | −0.92 (0.33) | −0.39 (0.37) | <0.001 | |
DTABR | 0.78 (0.29) | 0.70 (0.36) | 0.83 (0.35) | 0.86 (0.30) | 0.39 (0.33) | <0.001 | |
THETAPR | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.02) | <0.001 | |
GAMMAPR | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.01) | <0.001 | |
Log energy entropy | 1811.04 (475.04) | 1833.23 (455.48) | 1994.28 (508.89) | 2008.83 (470.69) | 1743.32 (282.71) | <0.001 | |
SD_theta | 4.22 (2.56) | 4.24 (2.27) | 4.59 (2.62) | 4.28 (2.39) | 3.12 (1.18) | <0.001 | |
SD_alpha | 2.95 (1.70) | 3.14 (1.58) | 3.21 (1.65) | 3.06 (1.57) | 3.52 (0.99) | <0.001 | |
SD_beta | 3.19 (2.06) | 3.29 (1.52) | 3.41 (1.66) | 3.46 (1.72) | 8.10 (2.18) | <0.001 | |
SD_gamma | 1.47 (0.90) | 1.57 (0.82) | 1.68 (0.95) | 1.81 (0.99) | 2.81 (0.63) | <0.001 |
Models | Accuracy | Sensitivity | Specificity | Precision | F1-Score | MCC | AUC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |
LR | 0.706 (0.625–0.787) | 0.535 (0.374–0.696) | 0.822 (0.727–0.916) | 0.649 (0.464–0.834) | 0.506 (0.358–0.653) | 0.322 (0.176–0.469) | 0.748 (0.644–0.851) |
NB | 0.749 (0.658–0.840) | 0.495 (0.316–0.675) | 0.874 (0.760–0.989) | 0.843 (0.730–0.956) | 0.572 (0.427–0.717) | 0.377 (0.218–0.536) | 0.824 (0.740–0.907) |
SVM | 0.773 (0.694–0.853) | 0.506 (0.315–0.697) | 0.923 (0.857–0.988) | 0.870 (0.755–0.985) | 0.587 (0.412–0.761) | 0.425 (0.259–0.591) | 0.860 (0.781–0.938) |
RF | 0.746 (0.673–0.818) | 0.654 (0.498–0.811) | 0.790 (0.671–0.910) | 0.670 (0.494–0.845) | 0.588 (0.428–0.747) | 0.403 (0.254–0.553) | 0.802 (0.710–0.894) |
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Kim, K.-H.; Kim, H.; Song, K.-J.; Shin, S.-D.; Kim, H.-C.; Lim, H.-J.; Kim, Y.; Kang, H.-J.; Hong, K.-J. Prediction of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury Using Quantitative Electroencephalogram in a Porcine Experimental Model. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030386
Kim K-H, Kim H, Song K-J, Shin S-D, Kim H-C, Lim H-J, Kim Y, Kang H-J, Hong K-J. Prediction of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury Using Quantitative Electroencephalogram in a Porcine Experimental Model. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(3):386. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030386
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ki-Hong, Heejin Kim, Kyoung-Jun Song, Sang-Do Shin, Hee-Chan Kim, Hyouk-Jae Lim, Yoonjic Kim, Hyun-Jeong Kang, and Ki-Jeong Hong. 2023. "Prediction of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury Using Quantitative Electroencephalogram in a Porcine Experimental Model" Diagnostics 13, no. 3: 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030386