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Volume 13
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10.3390/diagnostics13050997
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Article

Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Lip Morphology Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Chinese Population

by
Yiyin Chen
1,
Hongmei Yang
2,
Zhijin Zheng
2,
Xiaoqi Zhang
1,
Xinyu Yan
1,
Hu Long
1,* and
Wenli Lai
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
2
West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2023, 13(5), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13050997
Submission received: 8 February 2023 / Revised: 1 March 2023 / Accepted: 4 March 2023 / Published: 6 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Diagnosis of Orthodontics)
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Abstract

Background: Lip morphology is essential in diagnosis and treatment of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery to ensure facial aesthetics. Body mass index (BMI) has proved to have influence on facial soft tissue thickness, but its relationship with lip morphology is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between BMI and lip morphology characteristics (LMCs) and thus provide information for personalized treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional study consisted of 1185 patients from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020 was conducted. Confounders of demography, dental features, skeletal parameters and LMCs were adjusted by multivariable linear regression to identify the association between BMI and LMCs. Group differences were evaluated with two-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA test. Mediation analysis was used for indirect effects assessment. Results: After adjusting for confounders, BMI is independently associated with upper lip length (0.039, [0.002–0.075]), soft pogonion thickness (0.120, [0.073–0.168]), inferior sulcus depth (0.040, [0.018–0.063]), lower lip length (0.208, [0.139–0.276]), and curve fitting revealed non-linearity to BMI in obese patients. Mediation analysis found BMI was associated with superior sulcus depth and basic upper lip thickness through upper lip length. Conclusions: BMI is positively associated with LMCs, except for nasolabial angle as negatively, while obese patients reverse or weaken these associations.
Keywords: lip morphology; body mass index; BMI; cephalometric; multivariable regression lip morphology; body mass index; BMI; cephalometric; multivariable regression

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, Y.; Yang, H.; Zheng, Z.; Zhang, X.; Yan, X.; Long, H.; Lai, W. Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Lip Morphology Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Chinese Population. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 997. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13050997

AMA Style

Chen Y, Yang H, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Yan X, Long H, Lai W. Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Lip Morphology Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Chinese Population. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(5):997. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13050997

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Yiyin, Hongmei Yang, Zhijin Zheng, Xiaoqi Zhang, Xinyu Yan, Hu Long, and Wenli Lai. 2023. "Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Lip Morphology Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Chinese Population" Diagnostics 13, no. 5: 997. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13050997

APA Style

Chen, Y., Yang, H., Zheng, Z., Zhang, X., Yan, X., Long, H., & Lai, W. (2023). Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Lip Morphology Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Chinese Population. Diagnostics, 13(5), 997. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13050997

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