Clinical Improvement in Depression and Cognitive Deficit Following Electroconvulsive Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ECT Alters the Brain Structures
2.1. Structural Changes in the Hippocampus in Depression and Following ECT
2.2. Structural Changes in the Amygdala in Depression and Following ECT
2.3. Structural Changes in Other Brain Regions in Depression and Following ECT
2.4. Influence of Electrode Placement and Number of ECT Sessions on Brain Structural Changes
2.5. The Relationship between Post-ECT Volume Changes and Clinical Outcome
2.6. The Relationship between Post-ECT Volume Changes and Cognitive Outcome
3. ECT Induces Neurogenesis
3.1. ECS Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Animals
3.2. ECT Effects on BDNF Levels
3.3. Genetic Changes Influencing BDNF Expression as a Result of ECS
3.4. ECT Effects on BDNF Downstream Signaling
3.5. Potential Role of proBDNF in Disrupting Cognitive Function Following ECT
4. VEGF Changes after ECT
5. ECT and Cerebral Edema
5.1. Compromised Neuronal Integrity Post-ECT
5.2. Could ECT Result in Cerebral Edema?
5.3. ECT Induces Cytotoxic Edema in Astrocytes by Way of Aquaporin and Glutamate
5.4. The Potential Role of mGlu5 and Homer1a
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ECT Electrode Placement | Brain Changes | Cognitive Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Bifrontal | Increased cortical thickness in the left inferior parietal gyrus and reduced surface area of right inferior temporal gyrus | Impaired delayed memory | [83] |
Bitemporal | Increased volume in bilateral hippocampus | Slower processing speed and impaired divided attention ability, impaired delayed memory | [84] |
Bitemporal | (Immediately after ECT series) increased volume in right and left DG | Reduced delayed memory performance | [17] |
(At 6-month follow-up) reduced volume in right DG | Improved delayed memory performance | ||
RUL | Larger absolute increase in right hippocampal volume | (Assessment at 6 months) less improvement in visual memory | [85] |
Switched to BT after failed RUL | Larger absolute increase in right hippocampal volume | (Assessment at 6 months) less improvement in semantic memory and verbal memory, less improvement in global cognitive functioning | |
Bifrontal | Reduced RSFC between left hippocampal middle (cognitive) subregion and bilateral angular gyrus | Impaired performance on the verbal fluency test | [21] |
Bifrontal (for major depressive episode) and bitemporal (schizophrenia spectrum disorder) | Increased volume in the hippocampus and amygdala | Lower Repeatable Battery of the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) scoring | [86] |
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Ahmad Hariza, A.M.; Mohd Yunus, M.H.; Murthy, J.K.; Wahab, S. Clinical Improvement in Depression and Cognitive Deficit Following Electroconvulsive Therapy. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091585
Ahmad Hariza AM, Mohd Yunus MH, Murthy JK, Wahab S. Clinical Improvement in Depression and Cognitive Deficit Following Electroconvulsive Therapy. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(9):1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091585
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Hariza, Ahmad Mus’ab, Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus, Jaya Kumar Murthy, and Suzaily Wahab. 2023. "Clinical Improvement in Depression and Cognitive Deficit Following Electroconvulsive Therapy" Diagnostics 13, no. 9: 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091585