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Review

General Overview and Diagnostic (Imaging) Techniques for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

by
Stijn B. J. Teijink
1,
Niels Pesser
1,
Jens Goeteyn
1,
Renée J. Barnhoorn
1,
Marc R. H. M. van Sambeek
1,2,
Bart F. L. van Nuenen
3,
Hugh A. Gelabert
4 and
Joep A. W. Teijink
1,5,*
1
Department of Vascular Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2
Department of Biomedical Technology, University of Technology Eindhoven, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
3
Department of Neurology, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
4
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
5
CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2023, 13(9), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091625
Submission received: 2 April 2023 / Revised: 26 April 2023 / Accepted: 2 May 2023 / Published: 4 May 2023

Abstract

Thoracic outlet syndrome is an uncommon and controversial syndrome. Three different diagnoses can be made based on the compressed structure, arterial TOS, venous TOS, and neurogenic TOS, though combinations do exist as well. Diagnosing NTOS is difficult since no specific objective diagnostic modalities exist. This has resulted in a lot of controversy in recent decades. NTOS remains a clinical diagnosis and is mostly diagnosed based on the exclusion of an extensive list of differential diagnoses. To guide the diagnosis and treatment of TOS, a group of experts published the reporting standards for TOS in 2016. However, a consensus was not reached regarding a blueprint for a daily care pathway in this document. Therefore, we constructed a care pathway based on the reporting standards for both the diagnosis and treatment of NTOS patients. This care pathway includes a multidisciplinary approach in which different diagnostic tests and additional imaging techniques are combined to diagnose NTOS or guide patients in their treatment for differential diagnoses. The aim of the present work is to discuss and explain the diagnostic part of this care pathway.
Keywords: thoracic outlet syndrome; neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome; brachial plexus compression; thoracic outlet syndrome care pathway; thoracic outlet syndrome additional imaging thoracic outlet syndrome; neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome; brachial plexus compression; thoracic outlet syndrome care pathway; thoracic outlet syndrome additional imaging

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MDPI and ACS Style

Teijink, S.B.J.; Pesser, N.; Goeteyn, J.; Barnhoorn, R.J.; van Sambeek, M.R.H.M.; van Nuenen, B.F.L.; Gelabert, H.A.; Teijink, J.A.W. General Overview and Diagnostic (Imaging) Techniques for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091625

AMA Style

Teijink SBJ, Pesser N, Goeteyn J, Barnhoorn RJ, van Sambeek MRHM, van Nuenen BFL, Gelabert HA, Teijink JAW. General Overview and Diagnostic (Imaging) Techniques for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(9):1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091625

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijink, Stijn B. J., Niels Pesser, Jens Goeteyn, Renée J. Barnhoorn, Marc R. H. M. van Sambeek, Bart F. L. van Nuenen, Hugh A. Gelabert, and Joep A. W. Teijink. 2023. "General Overview and Diagnostic (Imaging) Techniques for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome" Diagnostics 13, no. 9: 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091625

APA Style

Teijink, S. B. J., Pesser, N., Goeteyn, J., Barnhoorn, R. J., van Sambeek, M. R. H. M., van Nuenen, B. F. L., Gelabert, H. A., & Teijink, J. A. W. (2023). General Overview and Diagnostic (Imaging) Techniques for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Diagnostics, 13(9), 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091625

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