Role of the Stress Index in Predicting Mortality among Patients with Traumatic Femoral Fractures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Enrollment of Patients and Research Design
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Study Cohort and Patient Enrollment
3.2. Patient Characteristics
3.3. The SI’s Mortality Prediction Accuracy
3.4. Comparative Evaluation of the Group of Patients Split by the Optimal Cut-Off SI Value
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Death n = 64 | Survival n = 3653 | OR (95%CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.272 | |||
Male, n (%) | 31 (48.4) | 1520 (41.6) | 1.32 (0.80–2.16) | |
Female, n (%) | 33 (51.6) | 2133 (58.4) | 0.76 (0.46–1.24) | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 66.6 ± 18.7 | 68.3 ± 18.7 | - | 0.491 |
Stress Index | 53.1 ± 28.0 | 41.6 ± 17.6 | - | <0.001 |
Sugar (mg/dL) | 199.3 ± 102.8 | 159.0 ± 67.3 | - | <0.001 |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | - | 0.818 |
Comorbidities | ||||
CVA, n (%) | 2 (3.1) | 371 (10.2) | 0.29 (0.07–1.17) | 0.063 |
HTN, n (%) | 34 (53.1) | 1843 (50.5) | 1.11 (0.68–1.83) | 0.672 |
CAD, n (%) | 7 (10.9) | 271 (7.4) | 1.53 (0.69–3.39) | 0.289 |
CHF, n (%) | 1 (1.6) | 62 (1.7) | 0.92 (0.13–6.74) | 0.934 |
DM, n (%) | 23 (35.9) | 1009 (27.6) | 1.47 (0.88–2.46) | 0.141 |
ESRD, n (%) | 3 (4.7) | 131 (3.6) | 1.32 (0.41–4.27) | 0.639 |
GCS, median (IQR) | 11 (6–15) | 15 (15–15) | - | <0.001 |
3–8, n (%) | 23 (35.9) | 59 (1.6) | 34.17 (19.29–60.53) | <0.001 |
9–12, n (%) | 4 (6.2) | 110 (3.0) | 2.15 (0.77–6.01) | 0.136 |
13–15, n (%) | 37 (57.8) | 3484 (95.4) | 0.07 (0.04–0.11) | <0.001 |
ISS, median (IQR) | 21 (9–34) | 10 (9–9) | - | <0.001 |
1–15, n (%) | 33 (51.6) | 3355 (91.8) | 0.10 (0.06–0.16) | <0.001 |
16–24, n (%) | 6 (9.4) | 138 (3.8) | 2.64 (1.12–6.21) | 0.021 |
≥25, n (%) | 25 (39.1) | 160 (4.4) | 13.99 (8.27–23.69) | <0.001 |
Hospital stay (days) | 16.2 ± 20.7 | 10.1 ± 9.3 | - | <0.001 |
SI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ≥49.7 n = 811 | <49.7 n = 2906 | OR (95%CI) | p |
Sex | 0.014 | |||
Male, n (%) | 308 (38.0) | 1243 (42.8) | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) | |
Female, n (%) | 503 (62.0) | 1663 (57.2) | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 68.8 ± 16.4 | 68.1 ± 19.3 | - | 0.295 |
Comorbidities | ||||
CVA, n (%) | 86 (10.6) | 287 (9.9) | 1.08 (0.84–1.40) | 0.542 |
HTN, n (%) | 460 (56.7) | 1417 (48.8) | 1.38 (1.18–1.61) | <0.001 |
CAD, n (%) | 63 (7.8) | 215 (7.4) | 1.05 (0.79–1.41) | 0.723 |
CHF, n (%) | 13 (1.6) | 50 (1.7) | 0.93 (0.50–1.72) | 0.819 |
DM, n (%) | 475 (58.6) | 557 (19.2) | 5.96 (5.04–7.05) | <0.001 |
ESRD, n (%) | 29 (3.6) | 105 (3.6) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) | 0.960 |
GCS, median (IQR) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | - | <0.001 |
3–8, n (%) | 44 (5.4) | 38 (1.3) | 4.33 (2.79–6.73) | <0.001 |
9–12, n (%) | 34 (4.2) | 80 (2.8) | 1.55 (1.03–2.33) | 0.036 |
13–15, n (%) | 733 (90.4) | 2788 (95.9) | 0.40 (0.30–0.54) | <0.001 |
ISS, median (IQR) | 9 (9–9) | 9 (9–9) | - | <0.001 |
1–15, n (%) | 679 (83.7) | 2709 (93.2) | 0.37 (0.30–0.47) | <0.001 |
16–24, n (%) | 50 (6.2) | 94 (3.2) | 1.97 (1.38–2.80) | <0.001 |
≥25, n (%) | 82 (10.1) | 103 (3.5) | 3.06 (2.27–4.14) | <0.001 |
Hospital stay (days) | 12.8 ± 13.6 | 9.5 ± 8.0 | - | <0.001 |
Mortality, n (%) | 34 (4.2) | 30 (1.0) | 4.20 (2.55–6.90) | <0.001 |
AOR of mortality * | - | - | 2.05 (1.14–3.67) | 0.016 |
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Huang, C.-Y.; Chou, S.-E.; Huang, C.-Y.; Tsai, C.-H.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Hsieh, C.-H. Role of the Stress Index in Predicting Mortality among Patients with Traumatic Femoral Fractures. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141508
Huang C-Y, Chou S-E, Huang C-Y, Tsai C-H, Hsu S-Y, Hsieh C-H. Role of the Stress Index in Predicting Mortality among Patients with Traumatic Femoral Fractures. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(14):1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141508
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Ching-Ya, Sheng-En Chou, Chun-Ying Huang, Ching-Hua Tsai, Shiun-Yuan Hsu, and Ching-Hua Hsieh. 2024. "Role of the Stress Index in Predicting Mortality among Patients with Traumatic Femoral Fractures" Diagnostics 14, no. 14: 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141508