Inflammatory Protein Panel: Exploring Diagnostic Insights for Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosis in a Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Design
2.3. Patient Recruitment
2.4. Baseline Characteristics
2.5. Measurement of Plasma Protein Levels
2.6. Development and Evaluation of the Diagnostic Model
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patients
3.2. Plasma Protein Concentrations
3.3. Associations between Proteins and PAD Diagnosis
3.4. Model Performance
4. Discussion
4.1. Key Findings
4.2. Comparison to Existing Literature
4.3. Explanation of Findings
4.4. Implications
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAD (n = 312) | Non-PAD (n = 164) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 71 (10) | 65 (12) | <0.001 |
Female sex | 109 (35) | 67 (41) | 0.204 |
Dyslipidemia | 263 (84) | 100 (61) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 257 (82) | 96 (59) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 131 (42) | 34 (21) | <0.001 |
Current smoking | 78 (25) | 35 (21) | 0.002 |
Past smoking | 171 (55) | 71 (43) | 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 11 (4) | 4 (2) | 0.519 |
Coronary artery disease | 118 (38) | 34 (21) | <0.001 |
Previous stroke | 51 (16) | 13 (8) | 0.011 |
Statin | 229 (73) | 93 (57) | <0.001 |
Acetylsalicylic acid | 251 (80) | 99 (60) | <0.001 |
Beta-blocker | 134 (41) | 50 (30) | 0.001 |
ACE-I/ARB | 216 (66) | 74 (45) | 0.001 |
Hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide | 41 (13) | 17 (10) | 0.190 |
Calcium channel blocker | 82 (25) | 34 (21) | 0.079 |
Insulin | 22 (7) | 6 (4) | 0.255 |
Oral antihyperglycemic agent | 24 (8) | 8 (5) | 0.201 |
Non-PAD (n = 164) | PAD (n = 312) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Standard Deviation | Mean | Standard Deviation | p | |
CINC-1 | 63.08 | 41.99 | 79.42 | 69.51 | <0.001 |
CD95 | 4.56 | 1.94 | 5.48 | 3.12 | 0.001 |
Fractalkine | 904.21 | 423.76 | 1093.42 | 1063.36 | 0.020 |
TIM-1 | 22.48 | 8.58 | 27.04 | 19.51 | 0.125 |
Unadjusted Odds Ratio [95% CI] | p-Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio [95% CI] * | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CINC-1 | 1.36 [0.05–3.33] | 0.503 | 3.10 [0.33–6.39] | 0.322 |
CD95 | 2.47 [2.03–3.25] | 0.001 | 2.63 [1.73–3.99] | 0.001 |
Fractalkine | 2.73 [1.99–4.14] | 0.001 | 2.58 [1.63–3.90] | 0.001 |
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Li, B.; Nassereldine, R.; Shaikh, F.; Younes, H.; AbuHalimeh, B.; Zamzam, A.; Abdin, R.; Qadura, M. Inflammatory Protein Panel: Exploring Diagnostic Insights for Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosis in a Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171847
Li B, Nassereldine R, Shaikh F, Younes H, AbuHalimeh B, Zamzam A, Abdin R, Qadura M. Inflammatory Protein Panel: Exploring Diagnostic Insights for Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosis in a Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(17):1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171847
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ben, Rakan Nassereldine, Farah Shaikh, Houssam Younes, Batool AbuHalimeh, Abdelrahman Zamzam, Rawand Abdin, and Mohammad Qadura. 2024. "Inflammatory Protein Panel: Exploring Diagnostic Insights for Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosis in a Cross-Sectional Study" Diagnostics 14, no. 17: 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171847