Free-Running Cardiac and Respiratory Motion-Resolved Imaging: A Paradigm Shift for Managing Motion in Cardiac MRI?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History and Rationale of Self-Gated Cardiac MRI
3. The Fully Automated Cardiac Free-Running Framework
3.1. Acquisition
3.2. Reconstruction
3.3. Key Advantages
4. Recent Improvements to the Free-Running Framework
5. Clinical Applications
5.1. Anatomical Imaging and Coronary Angiography
5.2. Functional Cine Imaging
5.3. Flow Imaging
5.4. Quantitative Mapping
6. General Recommendations
6.1. Fat Suppression
6.2. Field Strength Dependency
6.3. Role of Contrast Agents
7. Future Perspectives
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AF | atrial fibrillation |
AI | artificial intelligence |
bSSFP | balanced steady-state free-precession |
CAD | coronary artery disease |
CAG | coronary angiography |
CHD | congenital heart disease |
CHESS | chemically selective saturation |
CMRA | coronary magnetic resonance angiography |
CS | compressed sensing |
ECG | electrocardiogram |
FISS | fast interrupted steady-state |
fNAV | focused navigation |
FRF | free-running framework |
GIRF | gradient impulse response function |
GRE | gradient echo |
LIBRE | lipid-insensitive binomial off-resonant radiofrequency excitation |
MPR | multiplanar reconstruction |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
PCA | principal component analysis |
PT | pilot tone |
SG | self-gating/self-gated |
SI | superior-inferior |
SNR | signal-to-noise ratio |
SIMBA | similarity-driven multi-dimensional binning algorithm |
XD-GRASP | extra-dimensional golden-angle radial sparse parallel |
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Holtackers, R.J.; Stuber, M. Free-Running Cardiac and Respiratory Motion-Resolved Imaging: A Paradigm Shift for Managing Motion in Cardiac MRI? Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171946
Holtackers RJ, Stuber M. Free-Running Cardiac and Respiratory Motion-Resolved Imaging: A Paradigm Shift for Managing Motion in Cardiac MRI? Diagnostics. 2024; 14(17):1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171946
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoltackers, Robert J., and Matthias Stuber. 2024. "Free-Running Cardiac and Respiratory Motion-Resolved Imaging: A Paradigm Shift for Managing Motion in Cardiac MRI?" Diagnostics 14, no. 17: 1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171946