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Article

Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Is Not Associated with Apolipoprotein E Gene Isoforms in the Kazakh Population: A Case–Control Study

by
Nazira Bekenova
1,*,†,
Alisher Aitkaliyev
1,†,
Tamara Vochshenkova
1,‡,
Balzhan Kassiyeva
1,‡ and
Valeriy Benberin
1,2,‡
1
Department of Science, Medical Centre Hospital of President’s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
2
Institute of Innovative and Preventive Medicine, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
These authors also contributed equally to this work.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(17), 1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171978
Submission received: 28 June 2024 / Revised: 30 August 2024 / Accepted: 1 September 2024 / Published: 6 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)

Abstract

The absence of an early diagnosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy might increase the risk of the disease, progressing to an irreversible stage. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the APOE gene isoforms in patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy to identify early markers for predicting this disease in the Kazakh population. A total of 147 patients with cardiac neuropathy and 153 controls were examined in this case–control study. Patients were genotyped for two polymorphisms of the APOE gene using real-time PCR. Statistical calculations were performed using binary logistic regression. As a result of our study, we found that there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of any APOE gene isoforms (APOE (ε2/ε2), APOE (ε2/ε3), APOE (ε2/ε4), APOE (ε3/ε3), or APOE (ε4/ε4)) between the patient group and the control group (p = 0.69, p = 0.64, p = 0.19, p = 0.22, p = 0.97, respectively). Thus, cardiac autonomic neuropathy is not associated with APOE gene isoforms in the Kazakh population.
Keywords: cardiac autonomic neuropathy; APOE gene; ε4 isoform; Kazakh population cardiac autonomic neuropathy; APOE gene; ε4 isoform; Kazakh population

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bekenova, N.; Aitkaliyev, A.; Vochshenkova, T.; Kassiyeva, B.; Benberin, V. Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Is Not Associated with Apolipoprotein E Gene Isoforms in the Kazakh Population: A Case–Control Study. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171978

AMA Style

Bekenova N, Aitkaliyev A, Vochshenkova T, Kassiyeva B, Benberin V. Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Is Not Associated with Apolipoprotein E Gene Isoforms in the Kazakh Population: A Case–Control Study. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(17):1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171978

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bekenova, Nazira, Alisher Aitkaliyev, Tamara Vochshenkova, Balzhan Kassiyeva, and Valeriy Benberin. 2024. "Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Is Not Associated with Apolipoprotein E Gene Isoforms in the Kazakh Population: A Case–Control Study" Diagnostics 14, no. 17: 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171978

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