Fentanyl and Sudden Death—A Postmortem Perspective for Diagnosing and Predicting Risk
Abstract
:1. KCNH2 Gene or Human Ether-a-Go-Go-Related Gene (hERG) in Sudden Death
Sudden Death, Sudden Cardiac Death, and Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
2. hERG and Predicting the Risk
2.1. hERG in Cardiotoxicity
2.2. Electrocardiographic Risk Predictors
2.3. Harm Reduction Using Test Strips
3. Fentanyl and Sudden Death
4. Improving Postmortem Healthcare
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Topical Gene | Gene | Associated with Romano–Ward Syndrome | Associated with Jervell–Lange–Nielsen Syndrome | Associated with Andersen (A) or Timothy (T) Syndrome | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KCNQ1 (LQT1) | * | * | 40–55% | ||
* | KCNH2 (LQT2) | * | 30–45% | ||
SCN5A (LQT3) | * | 5–10% | |||
ANKB (LQT4) | * | <1% | |||
KCNE1 (LQT5) | * | * | <1% | ||
KCNE2 (LQT6) | * | <1% | |||
KCNJ2 (LQT7) | A | <1% | |||
CACNA1C (LQT8) | T | <1% | |||
CAV3 (LQT9) | * | <1% | |||
SCN4B (LQT10) | * | <1% | |||
AKAP9 (LQT11) | * | <1% | |||
SNTA1 (LQT12) | * | <1% | |||
KCNJ5 (LQT13) | * | <1% |
Common Name | Location | Frequency of Variations in the Population with a Predisposing Condition | Phenotype | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
titin | TTN | 2q31.2 | 20% | Dilated cardiomyopathy | [81] |
lamin A/C | LMNA | 1q22 | 6–8% | Cardiomyopathy, lipodystrophy, myopathy, neuropathy, progeria, bone/skin disorders, and overlapping syndromes | [82] |
β-myosin heavy chain | MYH7 | 14q11.2 | 30% | Cardiomyopathy | [83] |
cardiac troponin T | TNNT2 | 1q32.1 | 50–60% | Cardiomyopathy (mild or no ventricular hypertrophy) | [84] |
KCNQ1 | 11p15.5-p15.4 | 9–17% | Romano–Ward syndrome (congenital long QT syndrome) | [85] | |
SCN1A | 2q24.3 | >10% | From self-limited and pharmacoresponsive to developmental and epileptic encephalopathies | [86] | |
DEPDC5 | 22q12.2-q12.3 | 3% | A range of epilepsy syndromes | [87] |
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Strenja, I.; Dadić-Hero, E.; Perković, M.; Šoša, I. Fentanyl and Sudden Death—A Postmortem Perspective for Diagnosing and Predicting Risk. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171995
Strenja I, Dadić-Hero E, Perković M, Šoša I. Fentanyl and Sudden Death—A Postmortem Perspective for Diagnosing and Predicting Risk. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(17):1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171995
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrenja, Ines, Elizabeta Dadić-Hero, Manuela Perković, and Ivan Šoša. 2024. "Fentanyl and Sudden Death—A Postmortem Perspective for Diagnosing and Predicting Risk" Diagnostics 14, no. 17: 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171995