Next Article in Journal
Development of Clinical Radiomics-Based Models to Predict Survival Outcome in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
Next Article in Special Issue
Incidence of Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Hospitalized Long COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Single Center Study
Previous Article in Journal
Retinal Microcirculation Measurements in Response to Endurance Exercises Analysed by Adaptive Optics Retinal Camera
Previous Article in Special Issue
Evaluating Mortality Predictors in COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit Patients: Insights into Age, Procalcitonin, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Ferritin Lactate Index
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Diagnostics
Volume 14
Issue 7
10.3390/diagnostics14070711
diagnostics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2

by
Huda Makhluf
1,2,*,
Henry Madany
2,3 and
Kenneth Kim
2
1
Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, National University, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
2
Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
3
Public Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(7), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070711
Submission received: 11 February 2024 / Revised: 23 March 2024 / Accepted: 25 March 2024 / Published: 28 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Management of Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Four years post-pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 continues to affect many lives across the globe. An estimated 65 million people suffer from long COVID, a term used to encapsulate the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infections that affect multiple organ systems. Known symptoms include chronic fatigue syndrome, brain fog, cardiovascular issues, autoimmunity, dysautonomia, and clotting due to inflammation. Herein, we review long COVID symptoms, the proposed theories behind the pathology, diagnostics, treatments, and the clinical trials underway to explore treatments for viral persistence, autonomic and cognitive dysfunctions, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and exercise intolerance.
Keywords: long COVID (LC); SARS-CoV-2; chronic fatigue syndrome; post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC); autoimmunity; machine learning; artificial intelligence; precision long COVID (LC); SARS-CoV-2; chronic fatigue syndrome; post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC); autoimmunity; machine learning; artificial intelligence; precision

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Makhluf, H.; Madany, H.; Kim, K. Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070711

AMA Style

Makhluf H, Madany H, Kim K. Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(7):711. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070711

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makhluf, Huda, Henry Madany, and Kenneth Kim. 2024. "Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2" Diagnostics 14, no. 7: 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070711

APA Style

Makhluf, H., Madany, H., & Kim, K. (2024). Long COVID: Long-Term Impact of SARS-CoV2. Diagnostics, 14(7), 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070711

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop