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Volume 14
Issue 9
10.3390/diagnostics14090922
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Background:
Communication

Saliva as a Biological Fluid in SARS-CoV-2 Detection

by
Emily Thalia Teixeira Silva
1,
Fabiana Barcelos Furtado
1,
Rosana Antunes da Silveira
1,
Karen Ingrid Tasca
2,
Cristiane Nonato Silva
1,
Amanda Thais Godoy
1,
Leonardo Nazario de Moraes
1,3,
Michelle Venancio Hong
2,
Camila Gonçalves Alves
2,
Rafael Plana Simões
3,
Agatha Mayume Silva Kubo
1,
Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza
2,
Maria Cristina Pereira-Lima
4,
Guilherme Targino Valente
1,* and
Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto
1,3,*
1
Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
2
Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis, and Radiotherapy, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
3
Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
4
Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(9), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090922
Submission received: 7 March 2024 / Revised: 27 March 2024 / Accepted: 11 April 2024 / Published: 29 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease)
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Abstract

Background: The polymerase chain reaction of upper respiratory tract swab samples was established as the gold standard procedure for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID pandemic. However, saliva collection has attracted attention as an alternative diagnostic collection method. The goal of this study was to compare the use of saliva and nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Ninety-nine paired samples were evaluated for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by saliva and swab for a qualitative diagnosis and quantitative comparison of viral particles. Furthermore, the detection limits for each sample collection technique were determined. The cycle threshold (CT) values of the saliva samples, the vaccination status, and the financial costs associated with each collection technique were compared. Results: The results showed qualitative equivalence in diagnosis (96.96%) comparing saliva and swab collection, although there was low quantitative agreement. Furthermore, the detection limit test demonstrated equivalence for both collection methods. We did not observe a statistically significant association between CT values and vaccination status, indicating that the vaccine had no influence on viral load at diagnosis. Finally, we observed that the use of saliva incurs lower financial costs and requires less use of plastic materials, making it more sustainable. Conclusions: These findings support the adoption of saliva collection as a feasible and sustainable alternative to the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19; diagnosis; RT-qPCR; cycle threshold COVID-19; diagnosis; RT-qPCR; cycle threshold

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MDPI and ACS Style

Silva, E.T.T.; Furtado, F.B.; Silveira, R.A.d.; Tasca, K.I.; Silva, C.N.; Godoy, A.T.; Moraes, L.N.d.; Hong, M.V.; Alves, C.G.; Simões, R.P.; et al. Saliva as a Biological Fluid in SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090922

AMA Style

Silva ETT, Furtado FB, Silveira RAd, Tasca KI, Silva CN, Godoy AT, Moraes LNd, Hong MV, Alves CG, Simões RP, et al. Saliva as a Biological Fluid in SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(9):922. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090922

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silva, Emily Thalia Teixeira, Fabiana Barcelos Furtado, Rosana Antunes da Silveira, Karen Ingrid Tasca, Cristiane Nonato Silva, Amanda Thais Godoy, Leonardo Nazario de Moraes, Michelle Venancio Hong, Camila Gonçalves Alves, Rafael Plana Simões, and et al. 2024. "Saliva as a Biological Fluid in SARS-CoV-2 Detection" Diagnostics 14, no. 9: 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090922

APA Style

Silva, E. T. T., Furtado, F. B., Silveira, R. A. d., Tasca, K. I., Silva, C. N., Godoy, A. T., Moraes, L. N. d., Hong, M. V., Alves, C. G., Simões, R. P., Kubo, A. M. S., Fortaleza, C. M. C. B., Pereira-Lima, M. C., Valente, G. T., & Grotto, R. M. T. (2024). Saliva as a Biological Fluid in SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Diagnostics, 14(9), 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090922

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