Is the Fatty Acids Profile in Blood a Good Predictor of Liver Changes? Correlation of Fatty Acids Profile with Fatty Acids Content in the Liver
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. NAFLD Evaluation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Fatty Acid Evaluation
2.5. Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Index and De Novo Lipogenesis (DNL) Index
3. Results
3.1. Correlation of Fatty Acids between Liver and Blood Cells in the Control Group
3.2. Correlation of Fatty Acids between Liver and Blood Cells in the Study Group
3.3. Correlation of Fatty Acids between Liver and Blood Cells in both the Control and Study Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yang, K.; Han, X. Lipidomics: Techniques, applications, and outcomes related to biomedical sciences. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2016, 41, 954–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorden, D.L.; Myers, D.S.; Ivanova, P.T.; Fahy, E.; Maurya, M.R.; Gupta, S.; Min, J.; Spann, N.J.; McDonald, J.G.; Kelly, S.L.; et al. Biomarkers of NAFLD progression: A lipidomics approach to an epidemic. J. Lipid Res. 2015, 56, 722–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lambert, J.E.; Ramos-Roman, M.A.; Browning, J.D.; Parks, E.J. Increased de novo Lipogenesis is a Distinct Characteristic of Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2014, 146, 726–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjørndal, B.; Alterås, E.K.; Lindquist, C.; Svardal, A.; Skorve, J.; Berge, R.K. Associations between fatty acid oxidation, hepatic mitochondrial function, and plasma acylcarnitine levels in mice. Nutr. Metab. 2018, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowman, J.K.; Tomlinson, J.W.; Newsome, P.N. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. QJM Int. J. Med. 2010, 103, 71–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perla, F.M.; Prelati, M.; Lavorato, M.; Visicchio, D.; Anania, C. The Role of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Children 2017, 4, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Dhyani, M.; Grajo, J.R.; Sirlin, C.; Samir, A.E. Current status of imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J. Hepatol. 2018, 10, 530–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mato, J.M.; Alonso, C.; Noureddin, M.; Lu, S.C. Biomarkers and subtypes of deranged lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 25, 3009–3020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dimitriadis, G.; Mitrou, P.; Lambadiari, V.; Maratou, E.; Raptis, S.A. Insulin effects in muscle and adipose tissue. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2011, 93 (Suppl. 1), S52–S59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Q.; Ma, J.; Campos, H.; Hankinson, S.E.; Hu, F.B. Comparison between plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in US women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 86, 74–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katan, M.B.; Deslypere, J.P.; van Birgelen, A.P.; Penders, M.; Zegwaard, M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: An 18-month controlled study. J. Lipid Res. 1997, 38, 2012–2022. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, Z.-J.; Fan, J.-G.; Ding, X.-D.; Qiao, L.; Wang, G.-L. Characterization of High-Fat, Diet-Induced, Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis with Fibrosis in Rats. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2010, 55, 931–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kleiner, D.E.; Brunt, E.M.; Van Natta, M.; Behling, C.; Contos, M.J.; Cummings, O.W.; Ferrell, L.D.; Liu, Y.-C.; Torbenson, M.S.; Unalp-Arida, A.; et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol. Baltim. Md 2005, 41, 1313–1321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Folch, J.; Lees, M.; Sloane Stanley, G.H. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 1957, 226, 497–509. [Google Scholar]
- Kotronen, A.; Seppänen-Laakso, T.; Westerbacka, J.; Kiviluoto, T.; Arola, J.; Ruskeepää, A.-L.; Orešič, M.; Yki-Järvinen, H. Hepatic Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)-1 Activity and Diacylglycerol but Not Ceramide Concentrations Are Increased in the Nonalcoholic Human Fatty Liver. Diabetes 2009, 58, 203–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melhus, H.; Risérus, U.; Warensjö, E.; Wernroth, L.; Jensevik, K.; Berglund, L.; Vessby, B.; Michaëlsson, K. A high activity index of stearoyl-CoA desaturase is associated with increased risk of fracture in men. Osteoporos. Int. 2008, 19, 929–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paglialunga, S.; Dehn, C.A. Clinical assessment of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis. 2016, 15, 159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacobs, S.; Jäger, S.; Jansen, E.; Peter, A.; Stefan, N.; Boeing, H.; Schulze, M.B.; Kröger, J. Associations of Erythrocyte Fatty Acids in the De Novo Lipogenesis Pathway with Proxies of Liver Fat Accumulation in the EPIC-Potsdam Study. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0127368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thörne, A.; Löfgren, P.; Hoffstedt, J. Increased visceral adipocyte lipolysis—a pathogenic role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 95, E209–E213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Safaei, A.; Arefi Oskouie, A.; Mohebbi, S.R.; Rezaei-Tavirani, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Peyvandi, M.; Okhovatian, F.; Zamanian-Azodi, M. Metabolomic analysis of human cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis diseases. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench 2016, 9, 158–173. [Google Scholar]
- Maciejewska, D.; Drozd, A.; Ossowski, P.; Ryterska, K.; Jamioł-Milc, D.; Banaszczak, M.; Raszeja-Wyszomirska, J.; Kaczorowska, M.; Sabinicz, A.; Stachowska, E. Fatty acid changes help to better understand regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J. Gastroenterol. WJG 2015, 21, 301–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Changes of the Fatty Acid Profile in Erythrocyte Membranes of Patients following 6-Month Dietary Intervention Aimed at the Regression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Available online: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cjgh/2018/5856201/ (accessed on 3 October 2019).
- Lu, L.P.; Wan, Y.P.; Xun, P.C.; Zhou, K.J.; Chen, C.; Cheng, S.Y.; Zhang, M.Z.; Wu, C.H.; Lin, W.W.; Jiang, Y.; et al. Serum bile acid level and fatty acid composition in Chinese children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Dig. Dis. 2017, 18, 461–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- A Lipidomic Analysis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Available online: https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hep.21763 (accessed on 3 October 2019).
- Valenzuela, R.; Echeverria, F.; Ortiz, M.; Rincón-Cervera, M.Á.; Espinosa, A.; Hernandez-Rodas, M.C.; Illesca, P.; Valenzuela, A.; Videla, L.A. Hydroxytyrosol prevents reduction in liver activity of Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, oxidative stress, and depletion in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in different tissues of high-fat diet fed mice. Lipids Health Dis. 2017, 16, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Polymorphisms in the SCD1 Gene: Associations with Body Fat Distribution and Insulin Sensitivity. Available online: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2007.206 (accessed on 4 October 2019).
- Cobbina, E.; Akhlaghi, F. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)—Pathogenesis, Classification, and Effect on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Drug Metab. Rev. 2017, 49, 197–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arab, J.P.; Arrese, M.; Trauner, M. Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2018, 13, 321–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scorletti, E.; Byrne, C.D. Omega-3 fatty acids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence of efficacy and mechanism of action. Mol. Aspects Med. 2018, 64, 135–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, W.; Li, S.; Li, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, R.; Zhou, Y.; Yin, Q.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, F.; Xia, Y.; et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2016, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zivkovic, A.M.; Telis, N.; German, J.B.; Hammock, B.D. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids aid in the modulation of inflammation and metabolic health. Calif. Agric. 2011, 65, 106–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Group | Week | n | Histological Grades of Steatosis | |||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
Control | 2–16 | 36 | 100% | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Study | 2 | 6 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 6 | 75% | 15% | 0 | 0 | |
8 | 6 | 0 | 78.30% | 21.70% | 0 | |
12 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 63.33% | 36.67% | |
16 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 43.33% | 56.67% | |
Group | Week | n | Histological Grades of Inflammation | |||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
Control | 2–16 | 36 | 100% | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Study | 2 | 6 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 6 | 80% | 20% | 0 | 0 | |
8 | 6 | 68.33% | 30.00% | 1.67% | 0 | |
12 | 6 | 63.33% | 30% | 6.67% | 0.00% | |
16 | 6 | 46.66% | 41.67% | 11.67% | 0.00% | |
Group | Week | n | Histological Grades of Fibrosis | |||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
Control | 2–16 | 36 | 100% | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Study | 2 | 6 | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
4 | 6 | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
8 | 6 | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
12 | 6 | 16.7% | 66.6% | 16.70% | 0% | |
16 | 6 | 16.7% | 50.00% | 33.30% | 0% |
Fatty Acid, Control | RHO | p-Value |
---|---|---|
C14:0 Myristic acid | 0.05 | NS |
C14:1 Myristolenic acid | 0.04 | NS |
C15:0 Pentadecanoic acid | 0.32 | <0.01 |
C15:1 Pentadecenoic acid | 0.12 | NS |
C16:0 Palmitic acid | 0.24 | NS |
C16:1 Palmitoleic acid | 0.55 | <0.01 |
C17:0 Heptadecanoic acid | 0.34 | <0.01 |
C17:1 Heptadecenoic acid | 0.15 | NS |
C18:0 Stearic acid | 0.13 | NS |
C18:1n9 Oleic acid | 0.45 | <0.05 |
C18:1n7 Vaccenic acid | 0.53 | <0.01 |
C18:2n6 Linoleic acid | 0.29 | <0.05 |
C18:3n6 γ-linoleic acid | (−)0.24 | NS |
C18:3n3 Linolenic acid | (−)0.22 | NS |
C18:4 Stearidonic acid | (−)0.24 | NS |
C20:0 Arachidic acid | 0.26 | <0.05 |
C20:2 cis-11-eicodienoic acid | (−)0.11 | NS |
C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid | 0.14 | NS |
C20:4n6 Arachidonic acid | 0.28 | <0.05 |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | 0.36 | <0.01 |
C22:0 Behenic acid | 0.07 | NS |
C22:2 Docodienoic acid | 0.25 | NS |
C23:0 Tricosanoic acid | 0.07 | NS |
C22:4n6 Docosatetraenoic acid | 0.22 | NS |
C22:5w3 Docosapentaenoic acid | 0.52 | <0.01 |
C24:0 Lignoceric acid | 0.041 | NS |
C22:6n3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | 0.54 | <0.01 |
C24:1 Nervonic acid | 0.11 | NS |
Parameter | ||
SCD-16 | 0.42 | <0.01 |
SCD-18 | 0.55 | <0.01 |
DNL | 0.11 | NS |
Fatty Acid, NAFLD Groups | RHO | p-Value |
---|---|---|
C14:0 Myristic acid | 0.08 | NS |
C14:1 Myristolenic acid | 0.13 | NS |
C15:0 Pentadecanoic acid | 0.31 | 0.01 |
C15:1 Pentadecenoic acid | 0.09 | NS |
C16:0 Palmitic acid | 0.21 | NS |
C16:1 Palmitoleic acid | 0.43 | NS |
C17:0 Heptadecanoic acid | 0.39 | <0.05 |
C17:1 Heptadecenoic acid | 0.11 | NS |
C18:0 Stearic acid | 0.22 | NS |
C18:1n9 Oleic acid | 0.42 | <0.05 |
C18:1n7 Vaccenic acid | 0.47 | <0.01 |
C18:2n6 Linoleic acid | 0.17 | <0.05 |
C18:3n6 γ-linoleic acid | (−)0.2 | NS |
C18:3n3 Linolenic acid | (−)0.26 | NS |
C18:4 Stearidonic acid | (−)0.03 | NS |
C20:0 Arachidic acid | 0.21 | NS |
C20:2 Eicodienoic acid | (−)0.05 | NS |
C20:3n6 Eicosatrienoic acid | 0.18 | NS |
C20:4n6 Arachidonic acid | 0.28 | NS |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | 0.33 | <0.05 |
C22:0 Behenic acid | 0.04 | NS |
C22:2 Docodienoic acid | 0.15 | NS |
C23:0 Tricosanoic acid | 0.10 | NS |
C22:4n6 Docosatetraenoic acid | 0.41 | <0.05 |
C22:5w3 Docosapentaenoic acid | 0.31 | <0.05 |
C24:0 Lignoceric acid | 0.22 | NS |
C22:6n3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | 0.53 | <0.01 |
C24:1 Nervonic acid | 0.013 | NS |
Parameter | ||
SCD-16 | 0.22 | <0.05 |
SCD-18 | 0.51 | <0.05 |
DNL | 0.17 | NS |
Fatty Acid (Both Groups) | RHO | p-Value |
---|---|---|
C14:0 Myristic acid | 0.09 | NS |
C14:1 Myristolenic acid | 0.03 | NS |
C15:0 Pentadecanoic acid | 0.63 | <0.01 |
C15:1 Pentadecenoic acid | 0.06 | NS |
C16:0 Palmitic acid | 0.51 | <0.01 |
C16:1 Palmitoleic acid | 0.64 | <0.01 |
C17:0 Heptadecanoic acid | 0.65 | <0.01 |
C17:1 Heptadecenoic acid | 0.16 | NS |
C18:0 Stearic acid | 0.21 | NS |
C18:1n9Oleic acid | 0.68 | <0.05 |
C18:1n7 Vaccenic acid | 0.72 | <0.01 |
C18:2n6 Linoleic acid | 0.39 | <0.05 |
C18:3n6 γ-linoleic acid | (−)0.3 | <0.05 |
C18:3n3 Linolenic acid | (−)0.27 | NS |
C18:4 Stearidonic acid | (−)0.01 | NS |
C20:0 Arachidic acid | 0.39 | <0.05 |
C20:2 Eicodienoic acid | (−)0.17 | NS |
C20:3n6 Eicosatrienoic acid | 0.26 | <0.05 |
C20:4n6 Arachidonic acid | 0.59 | <0.01 |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | 0.68 | <0.01 |
C22:0 Behenic acid | 0.14 | NS |
C22:2 Docodienoic acid | 0.19 | NS |
C23:0 Tricosanoic acid | 0.15 | NS |
C22:4n6 Docosatetraenoic acid | 0.35 | NS |
C22:5w3 Docosapentaenoic acid | 0.77 | <0.01 |
C24:0 Lignoceric acid | 0.14 | NS |
C22:6n3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | 0.77 | <0.01 |
C24:1 Nervonic acid | 0.07 | NS |
Parameter | ||
SCD-16 | 0.42 | <0.01 |
SCD-18 | 0.61 | <0.01 |
DNL | 0.19 | NS |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Maciejewska, D.; Palma, J.; Dec, K.; Skonieczna-Żydecka, K.; Gutowska, I.; Szczuko, M.; Jakubczyk, K.; Stachowska, E. Is the Fatty Acids Profile in Blood a Good Predictor of Liver Changes? Correlation of Fatty Acids Profile with Fatty Acids Content in the Liver. Diagnostics 2019, 9, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040197
Maciejewska D, Palma J, Dec K, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Gutowska I, Szczuko M, Jakubczyk K, Stachowska E. Is the Fatty Acids Profile in Blood a Good Predictor of Liver Changes? Correlation of Fatty Acids Profile with Fatty Acids Content in the Liver. Diagnostics. 2019; 9(4):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040197
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciejewska, Dominika, Joanna Palma, Karolina Dec, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Izabela Gutowska, Małgorzata Szczuko, Karolina Jakubczyk, and Ewa Stachowska. 2019. "Is the Fatty Acids Profile in Blood a Good Predictor of Liver Changes? Correlation of Fatty Acids Profile with Fatty Acids Content in the Liver" Diagnostics 9, no. 4: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040197