Neuroinflammatory Approach to Surgical Trauma: Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Immune and Neuroendocrine Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Systemic Inflammation and Tissue Damage
3.1.1. Immune Response
3.1.2. Neuroendocrine and Humoral Response
3.2. Modulation of the Inflammatory Response to Surgical Trauma—Therapeutic Interventions and Protective Strategies
Anesthetic Drugs
- −
- Dexmedetomidine
- −
- ketamine
- −
- Opioids
- −
- Peripheral Regional and Neuraxial Blocks
3.3. Ischemic and Pharmacologic Preconditioning
3.4. Endothelial Glycocalyx Protection
4. Biomarkers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drugs and Therapeutic Strategies | Outcomes and Clinical Implications |
---|---|
Dexmedetomidine | |
Ketamine |
|
Opioids |
|
Peripheral Regional and Neuraxial Blocks |
|
Ischemic and Pharmacologic Preconditioning |
|
Endothelial Glycocalyx Protection |
Inflammatory Markers | Characteristics Of Its Systemic Effects |
---|---|
TNF-α |
|
IL1-β |
|
IL-2 |
|
IL-6 |
|
IL-10 |
|
IFN-γ |
|
CRP |
|
Cortisol |
|
TP/ TTP/ TAPT |
|
Adrenaline/Norepinephrine |
|
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Silva, G.N.; Brandão, V.G.A.; Perez, M.V.; Blum, K.; Lewandrowski, K.-U.; Fiorelli, R.K.A. Neuroinflammatory Approach to Surgical Trauma: Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Immune and Neuroendocrine Responses. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080829
Silva GN, Brandão VGA, Perez MV, Blum K, Lewandrowski K-U, Fiorelli RKA. Neuroinflammatory Approach to Surgical Trauma: Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Immune and Neuroendocrine Responses. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(8):829. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080829
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Gustavo N., Virna G. A. Brandão, Marcelo V. Perez, Kenneth Blum, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, and Rossano K. A. Fiorelli. 2024. "Neuroinflammatory Approach to Surgical Trauma: Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Immune and Neuroendocrine Responses" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 8: 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080829