An Investigation into the Wear Behavior of Martensitically Transformed Nitrided Layers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Investigation Materials
2.2. Surface Heat Treatment
2.2.1. Nitriding
2.2.2. Induction Heat Treatment
2.2.3. Experimental Design
2.3. Wear Testing
2.3.1. Two-Disc Test Rig
2.3.2. Determination of the Wear Coefficients
- with VV→wear volume in mm3
- r→radius of the wear track in mm
- AV→wear area in mm2
- KS→wear coefficient of the specimen in mm3/Nm
- FN→normal force in N
- L→sliding distance in m
3. Results
3.1. Surface Roughness
3.2. Microhardness
3.3. Weight Loss
3.4. Wear Coefficients
4. Discussion
4.1. Wear Behavior of the Nitrided Only Condition
4.2. Wear Behavior of the Nitrided and Induction Hardened Condition
5. Summary
6. Conclusions
- Variants without compound layers initially showed better wear resistance due to lower surface roughness.
- PN1 with a 3 µm compound layer excelled initially, while PN2 wore out its layer quickly.
- All nitrided variants had similar wear behavior when the compound layer was worn off.
- All variants showed increased initial wear due to the absence of the compound layer.
- Variants induction-hardened with a compound layer mostly had higher wear due to retained austenite and the resulting lower hardness, except for PN2.
- Removing the compound layer prior to induction hardening reduced retained austenite and in consequence wear.
- Surface hardness correlated with retained austenite content.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Fe | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EN31CrMoV9 | balance | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.47 | 2.31 | 0.16 | 0.12 |
ENX153CrMoV12 | balance | 1.51 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 11.59 | 0.92 | 0.80 |
Variant | Temperature in °C | Time in h | Nitriding Potential KN |
---|---|---|---|
DZ1 | 500 | 8 | 0.7 |
DZ2 | 520 | 20 | 0.5 |
Variant | Temperature in °C | Time in h | N2:H2 |
---|---|---|---|
PN1 | 500 | 8 | 1:4 |
PN2 | 520 | 20 | 1:5 |
Variant | CLT in µm | NHD in mm |
---|---|---|
DZ1 | <1 µm | 0.18 |
DZ2 | <1 µm | 0.33 |
PN1 | 2.7 | 0.22 |
PN2 | 2.9 | 0.27 |
PN1-CL | - | 0.22 |
PN2-CL | - | 0.27 |
Variant | SHD in mm | Retained Austenite in ma. % |
---|---|---|
DZ1 | 1.02 | 38 |
DZ2 | 1.05 | 29 |
PN1 | 1.04 | 35 |
PN2 | 1.02 | 33 |
PN1-CL | 1.05 | 10 |
PN2-CL | 1.03 | 14 |
Variant | 250 m | 2500 m | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | N + IH | N | N + IH | |
DZ1 | 0.62 | 1.76 | 32.32 | 36.74 |
DZ2 | 1.65 | 2.59 | 39.30 | 48.51 |
PN1 | 0.01 | 2.36 | 35.93 | 39.76 |
PN2 | 1.33 | 2.25 | 35.52 | 27.74 |
PN1-CL | 0.50 | 2.60 | 30.51 | 28.10 |
PN2-CL | 0.24 | 1.19 | 31.70 | 27.39 |
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Hoja, S.; Birjandi, B.K.; Hasselbruch, H.; Epp, J. An Investigation into the Wear Behavior of Martensitically Transformed Nitrided Layers. Lubricants 2023, 11, 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11110481
Hoja S, Birjandi BK, Hasselbruch H, Epp J. An Investigation into the Wear Behavior of Martensitically Transformed Nitrided Layers. Lubricants. 2023; 11(11):481. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11110481
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoja, Stefanie, Behrad Komeili Birjandi, Henning Hasselbruch, and Jérémy Epp. 2023. "An Investigation into the Wear Behavior of Martensitically Transformed Nitrided Layers" Lubricants 11, no. 11: 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11110481