Changes in Surface Topography and Light Load Hardness in Thrust Bearings as a Reason for Tribo-Electric Loads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Setup
- Test series A—axial load 4000 N (C0/P 19);
- Test series B—axial load 6000 N (C0/P 13);
- Test series C—axial load 8000 N (C0/P 10).
3. Test Procedure and Measured Variables
3.1. Acceleration Measurement
3.2. Confocal and Light Microscopy of the Rolling Elements and Raceway Surfaces
3.3. Light Load Hardness
3.4. Determination of Wear Weights
4. Results
4.1. Electrical Load over Time
4.2. Surface Topography
4.3. Acceleration Detection
4.4. Light Load Hardness
4.5. Wear Weight
5. Discussion of the Findings
5.1. Surface Topography—Significant
5.2. Acceleration Analysis—Assisting Interpretation
5.3. Light Load Hardness—Further Research Necessary
5.4. Wear Mass—Possibly Too Short Test Duration
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Designation | Force/N | Rotation Speed/rpm | Temperature/°C | Common-Mode-Voltage/Vpp | Switching Frequency/kHz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-m1 | 4000 | 1000 | 40 | - | - |
A-m2 | 80 | ||||
A-e1 | 4000 | 1000 | 40 | 60 | 20 |
A-e2 | 40 | 40 | |||
A-e3 * | 40 | 20 | |||
A-e4 | 80 | 60 | |||
B-m1 | 6000 | 1000 | 40 | - | - |
B-e1 | 6000 | 1000 | 40 | 60 | 20 |
B-e2 | 40 | 5 | |||
B-e3 | 80 | 20 | |||
C-m1 | 8000 | 1000 | 40 | - | - |
C-e1 | 8000 | 1000 | 40 | 60 | 20 |
Parameter | Unit | Test Series A | Test Series B | Test Series C |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contact force | N | 4000 | 6000 | 8000 |
C0/P | - | 19 | 13 | 10 |
Hertzian pressure | MPa | 1494 | 1710 | 1883 |
Single contact area | mm2 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.43 |
Lubrication gap height * | µm | 0.79 @40 °C | 0.76 @40 °C | 0.72 @40 °C |
0.22 @80 °C | 0.21 @80 °C | - | ||
Specific lubrication gap | - | 1.23 @40 °C | 1.19 @40 °C | 1.13 @40 °C |
0.34 @80 °C | 0.33 @80 °C | - |
Designation | Light Load Hardness @Standing Ring (in HV 1) Mean (Single Measurement) | Light Load Hardness @Rotating Ring (in HV 1) Mean (Single Measurement) |
---|---|---|
A-m1 | 796.6 (765/851/851/726/790) | 780.4 (749/689/842/833/789) |
A-m2 | 713.8 (734/698/698/734/705) | 718.4 (705/691/720/749/727) |
A-e1 | 739.2 (749/749/734/691/773) | 762.4 (749/734/815/765/749) |
A-e1 in fluting area | 681.2 (665/678/652/720/691) | |
A-e2 | 746.2 (773/698/798/705/757) | 709.6 (698/698/720/712/720) |
A-e3-a | 748.0 (749/749/727/781/734) | 747.2 (773/781/742/742/698) |
A-e3-b | 790.2 (757/815/757/815/807) | 775.4 (798/727/781/773/798) |
A-e4 | 740.2 (688/765/757/749/742) | 759.0 (742/749/798/749/757) |
B-m1 | 806.8 (798/798/781/824/833) | 808.4 (815/781/815/798/833) |
B-e1 | 790.2 (824/757/757/815/798) | 790.0 (842/798/705/798/807) |
B-e2 | 790.8 (765/861/773/790/765) | 795.0 (815/790/807/773/790) |
B-e3 | 793.2 (781/773/790/807/815) | 781.6 (781/773/790/757/807) |
C-m1 | - | 840.0 (880/773/852/815/880) |
C-e1 | 777.0 (734/781/815/790/765) | 783.2 (765/790/781/773/807) |
Designation | Mass after Run-In/g (Figure 1—6a/6b/6c) | Mass after Load Phase/g (Figure 1—6a/6b/6c) | Delta/g (Figure 1—6a/6b/6c) |
---|---|---|---|
A-m1 | 89.413/76.958/83.486 | 89.411/76.937/83.486 | −0.002/−0.021/0.001 |
A-m2 | - | - | - |
A-e1 | 88.846/76.935/83.817 | 88.847/76.905/83.818 | 0.001/−0.030/0.001 |
A-e2 | 89,221/76,828/83,453 | 89,219/76,760/83,455 | −0.002/−0.068/0.002 |
A-e3-a | - | - | - |
A-e3-b | 89,317/76,525/83,718 | 89,317/76,477/83,719 | 0.001/−0.047/0.001 |
A-e4 | - | - | - |
B-m1 | 88,751/76,331/83,350 | 88,750/76,328/83,351 | −0.001/−0.003/0.001 |
B-e1 | - | - | - |
B-e2 | 89,512/76,924/83,814 | 89,510/76,872/83,810 | −0.002/−0.052/−0.004 |
B-e3 | 89,938/76,804/83,502 | 89,934/76,810/83,495 | −0.004/0.007/−0.006 |
C-m1 | 89,380/76,408/83,614 | 89,380/76,380/83,619 | −0.001/−0.028/0.005 |
C-e1 | 88,916/77,009/83,429 | 88,916/76,971/83,431 | 0.000/−0.038/0.002 |
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Graf, S.; Koch, O. Changes in Surface Topography and Light Load Hardness in Thrust Bearings as a Reason for Tribo-Electric Loads. Lubricants 2024, 12, 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12090303
Graf S, Koch O. Changes in Surface Topography and Light Load Hardness in Thrust Bearings as a Reason for Tribo-Electric Loads. Lubricants. 2024; 12(9):303. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12090303
Chicago/Turabian StyleGraf, Simon, and Oliver Koch. 2024. "Changes in Surface Topography and Light Load Hardness in Thrust Bearings as a Reason for Tribo-Electric Loads" Lubricants 12, no. 9: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12090303