Sex Pheromone Aerosol Devices for Mating Disruption: Challenges for a Brighter Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Why We Need Aerosol Devices for MD Programs
3. History of Aerosol Devices for MD
4. Competitive and Non-Competitive Mechanisms
5. Effectiveness of Aerosol Devices for MD on Various Crops
5.1. Fruit and Nut Trees (Apples, Pears, Peaches, Oranges, Plums, Figs, Almonds, Pistachios, Walnuts)
5.2. Grapes and Soft Fruits
5.3. Field Crops (Artichokes and Tomatoes)
5.4. Stored Products (Dried Beans and Corn)
5.5. Cereals, Forage and Fiber Crops
6. Optimization of Aerosol Point Sources, Emission Rates and Deployment
7. Conclusions and Challenges for Future Research
- Compared to the deployment of passive dispensers, aerosol delivery systems have the advantage of being faster and cheaper to apply.
- Aerosol devices offer a better protection of the pheromone active ingredient from environmental degradation.
- Targeting multiple pest species is easier with aerosol devices compared to passive dispensers, pending comparable daily activity of the targeted pests.
- MD aerosol devices can be programmed to release pheromone for short durations when the target pest is active (e.g., L. botrana) [69].
- Aerosol delivery systems can help to finely tune pheromone release rates over time; this could be important for pests characterized by a low population density during the early season, then growing over time (e.g., the honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Pyralidae) [76].
- Modern digital electronic and information technologies will support the improvement of efficacy by helping the deployment, failure control, and optimization of pheromone release.
- Borders of aerosol-treated blocks sometimes need to be reinforced either by applying passive pheromone products or additional insecticide treatments.
- Aerosol pheromone delivery systems are most efficacious when large areas are treated [9].
- Aerosol field deployment requires a considerable preparatory work to define the installation points, especially in case MD is applied to a set of small properties of irregular geometrical shape; a high degree of coordination between users, technicians, and companies using information technology and modern georeferencing tools is needed to select the best installation site according to the topography and wind direction.
- Efficacy of aerosol devices can be reduced due to the lack of foliage in the early season [42].
- MD aerosols are a system with mechanical–electronic technologies so device failure remains a point of weakness.
- Wind can strongly affect the efficacy of aerosols: sites characterized by strong prevailing winds that vary in intensity will require site-specific deployment strategies to account for this variability.
- Some MD aerosol devices are still using commercial formulations containing diluents and propellants that are not organic certified.
- Finally, in some cases, the aerosol devices are also more susceptible to vandalism compared to the passive dispensers.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aerosol Device | University or Company | Development Level (Experimental/Commercial) | Target Pest | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Isomate® Mist | Pacific Biocontrol Corporation-USA | commercial | C. pomonella, G. molesta, A. transitella | [37] |
CheckMate Puffer® | Suterra LLC USA | commercial | C. pomonella, G. molesta, L. botrana, Anarsia lineatella, A. transitella | [38] |
Semios | Semios Technologies Inc. CA | commercial | Choristoneura rosaceana, Pandemis pyrusana, C. pomonella, G. molesta; A. transitella, A. aurantii | [39] |
NoMate® CM Smart Release | SCENTRY BIOLOGICALS, INC., USA | commercial | C. pomonella | [40] |
Isomate® CM Mister 1.0 | CBC Europe Srl - Italy | commercial | C. pomonella, Adoxophyes orana; leafroller species | [41] |
MISTER PRO | CBC Europe Srl - Italy | experimental | L. botrana | [42] |
MSTRS™ | Penn State University, USA | experimental | C. cautella, R. naevana, A. transitella, O. nubilalis | [30,31,43,44,45] |
Neburel® | Ecología y Protección Agrícola SL (Valencia, Spain) | experimental | C. suppressalis | [20] |
Michigan State Microsprayer | Michigan State University, USA | experimental | P. interpunctella | [32,46] |
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Benelli, G.; Lucchi, A.; Thomson, D.; Ioriatti, C. Sex Pheromone Aerosol Devices for Mating Disruption: Challenges for a Brighter Future. Insects 2019, 10, 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100308
Benelli G, Lucchi A, Thomson D, Ioriatti C. Sex Pheromone Aerosol Devices for Mating Disruption: Challenges for a Brighter Future. Insects. 2019; 10(10):308. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100308
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenelli, Giovanni, Andrea Lucchi, Donald Thomson, and Claudio Ioriatti. 2019. "Sex Pheromone Aerosol Devices for Mating Disruption: Challenges for a Brighter Future" Insects 10, no. 10: 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100308