Interactions between Fungal-Infected Helicoverpa armigera and the Predator Chrysoperla externa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection and Rearing of H. armigera
2.2. Collection and Rearing of C. externa
2.3. Fungal Isolates
2.4. Interaction between C. externa and Fungi-Treated H. armigera
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Interaction between C. externa and Fungi-Treated H. armigera Eggs
3.2. Interaction between C. externa and Fungi-Treated H. armigera Larvae
3.3. Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Predator Behavior
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SV | DF | 0–24 h | 24–48 h | 48–72 h |
---|---|---|---|---|
Application (A) | 1 | 1.62 ns | 3.12 ns | 231.12 ns |
Product (P) | 3 | 1.84 ns | 14.54 ns | 68.00 ns |
Concentration (C) | 3 | 2.27 ns | 1.41 ns | 7.49 ns |
A × P | 3 | 10.86 ns | 1.51 ns | 31.55 ns |
A × C | 3 | 4.67 ns | 0.34 ns | 6.78 ns |
P × C | 9 | 7.65 ns | 1.18 ns | 7.59 ns |
A × P × C | 9 | 0.69 ns | 1.60 ns | 6.85 ns |
Residue | 180 | 62.36 ns | 78.11 ns | 78.29 ns |
Application (A) | 0–24 h | 24–48 h | 48–72 h |
---|---|---|---|
Direct (D.A.) | 72.28 ± 0.86 a | 71.01 ± 0.82 a | 68.51 ± 0.84 a |
Dry film (D.F.) | 72.10 ± 0.63 a | 70.76 ± 0.85 a | 66.36 ± 0.88 a |
Product (P) | |||
Control | 73.50 ± 1.19 a | 72.25 ± 1.69 a | 69.30 ± 3.16 a |
B. bassiana | 72.20 ± 3.19 a | 70.61 ± 4.00 a | 66.41 ± 4.04 a |
M. anisopliae | 71.56 ± 3.71 a | 70.88 ± 2.54 a | 68.38 ± 2.87 a |
M. rileyi | 72.36 ± 2.55 a | 70.70 ± 3.91 a | 66.88 ± 3.35 a |
Concentration (C) | |||
107 con. mL−1 | 72.10 ± 1.17 a | 70.95 ± 1.14 a | 67.13 ± 1.15 a |
108 con. mL−1 | 71.78 ± 0.90 a | 70.61 ± 0.95 a | 66.85 ± 1.06 a |
109 con. mL−1 | 72.25 ± 0.93 a | 70.63 ± 1.25 a | 67.70 ± 1.07 a |
SV | GL | 0–24 h | 24–48 h | 48–72 h |
---|---|---|---|---|
Application (A) | 1 | 32.00 ns | 3.12 ns | 0.04 ns |
Product (P) | 3 | 34.30 ns | 8.80 ns | 2.34 ns |
Concentration (C) | 3 | 20.27 ns | 0.77 ns | 0.41 ns |
A × P | 3 | 1.46 ns | 0.45 ns | 0.30 ns |
A × C | 3 | 20.07 ns | 1.34 ns | 2.23 ns |
P × C | 9 | 3.02 ns | 4.34 ns | 0.69 ns |
A × P × C | 9 | 10.62 ns | 0.56 ns | 0.85 ns |
Residue | 180 | 26.41 ns | 0.41 ns | 18.56 ns |
Application (A) | 0–24 h | 24–48 h | 48–72 h |
---|---|---|---|
Direct (D.A.) | 45.54 ± 0.68 a | 46.54 ± 0.33 a | 45.38 ± 0.40 a |
Dry film (D.O.) | 45.58 ± 0.52 a | 46.74 ± 0.31 a | 45.29 ± 0.44 a |
Product (P) | |||
Control | 47.75 ± 0.40 a | 47.70 ± 0.60 a | 45.95 ± 1.15 a |
B. bassiana | 45.53 ± 2.78 a | 46.63 ± 1.32 a | 45.13 ± 1.69 a |
M. anisopliae | 44.58 ± 3.25 a | 46.26 ± 1.52 a | 45.35 ± 1.71 a |
M. rileyi | 45.83 ± 1.39 a | 46.66 ± 1.30 a | 45.31 ± 1.90 a |
(C) concentration | |||
107 con. mL−1 | 45.88 ± 0.74 a | 46.55 ± 0.44 a | 45.25 ± 0.50 a |
108 con. mL−1 | 45.11 ± 0.91 a | 46.48 ± 0.43 a | 45.28 ± 0.59 a |
109 con. mL−1 | 44.95 ± 0.81 a | 46.53 ± 0.44 a | 45.26 ± 0.57 a |
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Mingotti Dias, P.; de Souza Loureiro, E.; Amorim Pessoa, L.G.; Mendes de Oliveira Neto, F.; de Souza Tosta, R.A.; Teodoro, P.E. Interactions between Fungal-Infected Helicoverpa armigera and the Predator Chrysoperla externa. Insects 2019, 10, 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100309
Mingotti Dias P, de Souza Loureiro E, Amorim Pessoa LG, Mendes de Oliveira Neto F, de Souza Tosta RA, Teodoro PE. Interactions between Fungal-Infected Helicoverpa armigera and the Predator Chrysoperla externa. Insects. 2019; 10(10):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100309
Chicago/Turabian StyleMingotti Dias, Pamella, Elisângela de Souza Loureiro, Luis Gustavo Amorim Pessoa, Francisco Mendes de Oliveira Neto, Ricardo Alexandre de Souza Tosta, and Paulo Eduardo Teodoro. 2019. "Interactions between Fungal-Infected Helicoverpa armigera and the Predator Chrysoperla externa" Insects 10, no. 10: 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100309