The Biology of Casmara subagronoma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a Stem-Boring Moth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae): Descriptions of the Previously Unknown Adult Female and Immature Stages, and Its Potential as a Biological Control Candidate
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection
2.2. Sample Preparation for Descriptions
2.3. Rearing
2.4. Preliminary Host Range Examination
2.5. Tracking Larval Size and Development
3. Results
3.1. Species Description
3.1.1. Description of Adult Female
3.1.2. Larval Diagnosis
3.1.3. Pupa
3.1.4. Egg
3.1.5. Specimens Examined
3.2. Casmara Subagronoma Development and Initial Host Range Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host | Larva lShipment Number * | Test Initiated | Larva ID | Date Individual Observed Dead | Stage at Death | Cause of Death | Last Date Individual Observed Alive † | Stage at Observation | Date Pupa | Date Adult | Sex | Maximum Lifespan (Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa | 2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 1 | 1-Jun-16 | larva | parasitoid | 22-Apr-16 | larva | 134 | |||
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 5 | 17-Feb-16 | larva | transfer injury | 17-Feb-16 | larva | 29 | ||||
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 16 | 22-Mar-18 | larva | diminished feeding | 22-Mar-18 | larva | 793 | ||||
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 31 | 5-Apr-18 | larva | trapped in cage fold | 5-Apr-18 | larva | unknown | unknown | male | 807 | |
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 38 | 30-Sep-17 | larva | failed to bore after transfer | 30-Sep-17 | larva | 620 | ||||
Myrtus communis | 2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 29 | 1-Apr-16 | larva | diminished feeding | 15-Mar-16 | larva | 73 | |||
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 44 | 22-Feb-16 | larva | rejected stem | 9-Feb-16 | larva | 34 | ||||
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 30 | 12-Dec-16 | larva | diminished feeding | 7-Nov-16 | larva | 328 | ||||
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 9 | 14-Apr-18 | larva | bored to soil level and died | 10-May-17 | larva | 816 | ||||
2015-1008 | 19-Jan-16 | 8 | 12-Jun-17 | larva | diminished feeding | 10-May-17 | larva | 510 | ||||
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa | 2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 12 | 8-Dec-16 | larva | parasitized | 15-Nov-16 | larva | 85 | |||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 9 | 19-Sep-16 | larva | unknown | 12-Sep-16 | larva | 5 | ||||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 22 | 11-Jun-18 | larva | unknown | 27-Sep-17 | larva | 635 | ||||
Myrtus communis | 2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 1 | 12-Nov-16 | larva | parasitized | 14-Sep-16 | larva | 59 | |||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 3 | 16-Dec-16 | larva | parasitized | 27-Oct-16 | larva | 93 | ||||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 6 | 27-Sep-17 | larva | failed to bore after transfer | 25-Jun-17 | larva | 378 | ||||
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa | 2015-1008 | 17-Feb-16 | 6 | 29-Jun-16 | larva | parasitoids | 6-Jun-16 | larva | 133 | |||
2015-1008 | 16-Feb-16 | 28 | 18-Oct-16 | larva | parasitoids | 27-Sep-16 | larva | 245 | ||||
2015-1008 | 17-Feb-16 | 33 | 17-Aug-17 | larva | diminished feeding | 25-Jul-17 | larva | 547 | ||||
Myrcianthes fragrans | 2015-1008 | 17-Feb-16 | 4 | 26-Jul-16 | adult | 17-Jul-16 | adult | 17-Jun-16 | 17-Jul-16 | male | 160 | |
2015-1008 | 16-Feb-16 | 25 | 6-Jun-16 | larva | diminished feeding | 3-Jun-16 | larva | 111 | ||||
2015-1008 | 17-Feb-16 | 43 | 6-Jun-17 | pupa | pupal orientation ‡ | 14-Apr-17 | pupa | 475 | ||||
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa | 2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 8 | 28-Sep-17 | larva | failed to bore after transfer | 7-Jun-17 | larva | 379 | |||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 18 | 12-Jun-18 | larva | unknown | 6-Jun-17 | larva | 636 | ||||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 10 | 11-Jun-18 | larva | plant died | 6-Jun-17 | larva | 635 | ||||
Myrcianthes fragrans | 2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 2 | 27-Sep-17 | larva | failed to bore after transfer | 26-Sep-17 | larva | 378 | |||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 19 | 5-Aug-17 | adult | adult | 13-Jul-17 | 5-Aug-17 | male | 325 | |||
2016-1001 | 14-Sep-16 | 15 | 8-Jun-17 | adult | adult | 11-May-17 | 8-Jun-17 | male | 267 |
Hong Kong Collection Sites 12 March 2018 | Larva ID | Measurements of Hong Kong Damaged Stems Containing Larvae | Host Plant | Dried Frass Weight (g) After Transfer to Florida Host Material | Larval Lifespan in Laboratory (Weeks) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stem Diam (mm) | Larval Bore Diam (mm) | 15 March to 13 April | 14 April to 27 April | ||||
Lantau | 2 | 3.75 | 1.13 | R. tomentosa | 0.03 | 0.03 | 39 |
4 | 2.98 | 1.37 | 0.14 | 0.03 | >24 | ||
9 | 3.79 | 1.51 | 0.24 | 0.36 | >24 | ||
12 | 3.86 | 1.84 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 23 | ||
15 | 4.6 | 2.07 | 0.57 | 0.78 | 30 | ||
20 | 3.19 | 1.55 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 39 | ||
24 | 3.96 | 1.58 | 0.25 | 0.14 | >24 | ||
25 | 3.96 | 1.27 | 0.30 | 0.39 | >24 | ||
10 | 3.68 | 1.68 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 39 | ||
mean | 3.75 | 1.56 | 0.28 | 0.27 | |||
stdev | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.23 | |||
SE | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.08 | |||
Lantau | 1 | 4.43 | 1.67 | C. sinensis | 0 | 0 | <4 weeks |
3 | 4.43 | 1.59 | 0.009 | 0 | <6 weeks | ||
6 | 3.32 | 1.68 | 0.002 | 0 | <4 weeks | ||
11 | 3.62 | 1.63 | 0.001 | 0 | <4 weeks | ||
14 | 3 | 1.63 | 0.001 | 0 | <4 weeks | ||
16 | 3.06 | 1.32 | 0.002 | 0 | <4 weeks | ||
22 | 3.92 | 1.37 | 0 | 0 | <4 weeks | ||
27 | 3.79 | 1.15 | 0.002 | 0 | <4 weeks | ||
Luk Wu | 1 | 3.86 | 2.12 | 0.002 | 0 | <4 weeks | |
mean | 3.71 | 1.57 | 0.002 | 0 | |||
std | 0.52 | 0.28 | 0.003 | 0 | |||
SE | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.001 | 0 |
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Wineriter-Wright, S.A.; Smith, M.C.; Metz, M.A.; Makinson, J.R.; Brown, B.T.; Purcell, M.F.; Barr, K.L.; Pratt, P.D. The Biology of Casmara subagronoma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a Stem-Boring Moth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae): Descriptions of the Previously Unknown Adult Female and Immature Stages, and Its Potential as a Biological Control Candidate. Insects 2020, 11, 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100653
Wineriter-Wright SA, Smith MC, Metz MA, Makinson JR, Brown BT, Purcell MF, Barr KL, Pratt PD. The Biology of Casmara subagronoma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a Stem-Boring Moth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae): Descriptions of the Previously Unknown Adult Female and Immature Stages, and Its Potential as a Biological Control Candidate. Insects. 2020; 11(10):653. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100653
Chicago/Turabian StyleWineriter-Wright, Susan A., Melissa C. Smith, Mark A. Metz, Jeffrey R. Makinson, Bradley T. Brown, Matthew F. Purcell, Kane L. Barr, and Paul D. Pratt. 2020. "The Biology of Casmara subagronoma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a Stem-Boring Moth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae): Descriptions of the Previously Unknown Adult Female and Immature Stages, and Its Potential as a Biological Control Candidate" Insects 11, no. 10: 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100653