Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Lemongrass Essential Oil and Their Components against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Granary Weevils
2.2. Essential Oil
2.3. Gas Chromatography(GC) Analysis
2.4. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis
2.5. Toxicity Test of Lemongrass Essential Oil and Components
2.6. Time–Mortality Test
2.7. Respiration Rate
2.8. Behavioral Repellency Response
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Essential Oil Components
3.2. Toxicity Test
3.3. Time–Mortality Test
3.4. Respiration Rate
3.5. Behavioral Repellency Response
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peaks | Component | Ri | Rt | MC | MM | m/z | ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one | 938 | 8.91 | 1.796 | 128 | 121.1 | KI [39,40], MS |
2 | Camphene | 958 | 10.8 | 4.709 | 130 | 108.1 | KI [39,41], MS |
3 | Limonene | 1030 | 12.4 | 7.552 | 136 | 94.1 | KI [39,40], MS |
4 | Nonan-4-ol | 1052 | 14.7 | 3.194 | 142 | 86.1 | KI [39,41], MS |
5 | Citronellal | 1125 | 18.5 | 3.213 | 154 | 121.1 | KI [39,40,41], MS |
6 | Citronellol | 1136 | 19.8 | 2.245 | 156 | 109.1 | KI [39,40,41], MS |
7 | Neral | 1174 | 22.1 | 24.65 | 156 | 95.1 | KI [39,40,41], MS |
8 | Geranial | 1179 | 22.5 | 12.36 | 152 | 109.1 | KI [39,40,41], MS |
9 | Citral | 1228 | 23.2 | 18.71 | 154 | 123.1 | KI [39,40,41], MS |
10 | Geranyl acetate | 1274 | 23.8 | 12.49 | 196 | 137.1 | KI [39,40], MS |
11 | β-caryophyllene | 1352 | 28.8 | 2.586 | 204 | 136.1 | KI [39,40], MS |
12 | γ-muurolene | 1435 | 29.9 | 1.706 | 204 | 133.1 | KI [39,40], MS |
13 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1494 | 33.8 | 1.893 | 220 | 204.1 | KI [39,40], MS |
Chemical Compound | No. Insects | Lethal Dose | Estimated Dose (µg·insect–1) | 95% Confidence Interval (µg·insect–1) | Slope ± SE | χ2 (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lemongrass essential oil | 150 | LD25 | 2.388 | 1.799–2.955 | 2.956 ± 0.37 | 3.06 (0.63) |
150 | LD50 | 4.039 | 3.293–4.943 | |||
150 | LD75 | 6.830 | 5.535–9.006 | |||
150 | LD90 | 10.95 | 8.408–16.23 | |||
Citral | 150 | LD25 | 3.969 | 3.031–3.912 | 2.793 ± 0.33 | 6.77 (0.48) |
150 | LD50 | 6.921 | 5.632–8.584 | |||
150 | LD75 | 12.06 | 9.629–16.30 | |||
150 | LD90 | 19.90 | 14.94–30.30 | |||
Geranyl acetate | 150 | LD25 | 2.459 | 1.894–2.997 | 3.295 ± 0.42 | 2.47 (0.64) |
150 | LD50 | 3.939 | 3.252–4.775 | |||
150 | LD75 | 6.311 | 5.175–8.208 | |||
150 | LD90 | 9.646 | 7.528–13.95 |
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Plata-Rueda, A.; Rolim, G.D.S.; Wilcken, C.F.; Zanuncio, J.C.; Serrão, J.E.; Martínez, L.C. Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Lemongrass Essential Oil and Their Components against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius. Insects 2020, 11, 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11060379
Plata-Rueda A, Rolim GDS, Wilcken CF, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE, Martínez LC. Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Lemongrass Essential Oil and Their Components against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius. Insects. 2020; 11(6):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11060379
Chicago/Turabian StylePlata-Rueda, Angelica, Gabriela Da Silva Rolim, Carlos Frederico Wilcken, José Cola Zanuncio, José Eduardo Serrão, and Luis Carlos Martínez. 2020. "Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Lemongrass Essential Oil and Their Components against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius" Insects 11, no. 6: 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11060379