Spatial Distribution of Pollinating Butterflies in Yunnan Province, Southwest China with Resource Conservation Implications
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Ecological Zonation of Yunnan
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Species Richness and its Spatial Pattern
3.2. Faunistic Character and Zonation
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Pattern and Environmental Causes
4.2. Potential Benefits and Conservation Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ollerton, J. Pollinator diversity: Distribution, ecological function, and conservation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2017, 48, 353–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, D.R. Research advances in pollinating insects. Yunnan Nongye Keji 2018, 47, 3–7. [Google Scholar]
- Rader, R.; Cunningham, S.A.; Howlett, B.G.; Inouye, D.W. Non-bee insects as visitors and pollinators of crops: Biology, ecology, and management. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2020, 65, 391–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sgolastra, F.; Hinarejos, S.; Pitts-Singer, T.L.; Boyle, N.K.; Joseph, T.; Lūckmann, J.; Raine, N.E.; Singh, R.; Williams, N.M.; Bosch, J. Pesticide exposure assessment paradigm for solitary bees. Environ. Entomol. 2019, 48, 22–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Doyle, T.; Hawkes, W.L.S.; Massy, R.; Powney, G.D.; Menz, M.H.M.; Wotton, K.R. Pollination by hoverflies in the Anthropocene. Proc. R. Soc. Ser. B 2020, 287, 20200508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Walton, R.E.; Sayer, C.D.; Bennion, H.; Axmacher, J.C. Nocturnal pollinators strongly contribute to pollen transport of wild flowers in an agricultural landscape. Biol. Lett. 2020, 16, 20190877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Macgregor, C.J.; Scott-Brown, A.S. Nocturnal pollination: An overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change. Emerg. Top. Life Sci. 2020, 2020, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Preston-Mafham, R.; Preston-Mafham, K. Butterflies of the World; Blandford Press: London, UK, 1988; p. 192. [Google Scholar]
- Corlett, R.T. Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region. Biol. Rev. 2004, 79, 497–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.Y.; Zhang, W. Yunnan Geography; Yunnan Nationality Publishing House: Kunming, China, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, C.S.; Hsu, Y.F. Butterflies of China; The Straits Publishing & Distributing Group: Fuzhou, China, 2017; p. 2036. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, C.L. Yunnan Butterflies; China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1995; p. 151. [Google Scholar]
- Xie, X.H.; Wang, J.Y.; Sun, L.; Zheng, Y.M. The expioitation present situation, the existing questions and the comprehensive development measures in Yunnan mountain agriculture. Southwest China J. Agric. Sci. 2006, 19, 307–311. [Google Scholar]
- Liang, C.; Zheng, X.W.; Huang, J.X.; Song, W.F.; Zhang, H.; Luo, W.T.; An, J.D. Biogeography and species diversity of bumblebees in Yunnan, Southwest China. Chin. J. Appl. Entomol. 2018, 55, 1045–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, D.R. The status of species diversity and conservation strategy of bumble bees, a pollination insect in Lancang River Basin of Yunnan, China. Chin. Biodivers. 1999, 7, 170–174. [Google Scholar]
- Linder, H.P. On areas of endemism, with an example from the African Restionaceae. Syst. Biol. 2001, 50, 892–912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morrone, J.J. On the identification of areas of endemism. Syst. Biol. 1994, 43, 438–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; da Fonseca, G.A.B.; Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 2000, 402, 853–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosen, B.R. Analytical biogeography: An integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions. In From Fossils to Earth History: Applied Historical Biogeography; Myers, A.A., Giller, P.A.S., Eds.; Chapman & Hall: London, UK, 1988; pp. 437–481. [Google Scholar]
- Szumik, C.A.; Goloboff, P.A. Areas of endemism: An improved optimality criteria. Syst. Biol. 2004, 53, 968–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deo, A.J.; DeSalle, R. Nested areas of endemism analysis. J. Biogeogr. 2006, 33, 1511–1526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torres-Miranda, A.; Luna-Vega, I.; Oyama, K. New approaches to the biogeography and areas of endemism of red oaks (Quercus L., section Lobatae). Syst. Biol. 2013, 62, 555–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morrone, J.J. Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) revisited. J. Biogeogr. 2014, 41, 842–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F.; Jiang, C.Z.; Liu, J.Z.; Wei, J.F. Areas of endemism for scale insects in China. J. Asia Pac. Entomol. 2017, 20, 1170–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, C.; Chen, J.; Li, Y.; Jiang, L.Y.; Qiao, G.X. Congruent patterns between species richness and areas of endemism of the Greenideinae aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) revealed by global-scale data. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2018, 183, 791–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, K. Faunal structure of Japanese freshwater fishes and its artificial disturbance. Environ. Biol. Fish. 2012, 94, 533–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Chen, J.; Jiang, L.Y.; Qiao, G.X. Islands conserve high species richness and areas of endemism of Hormaphidinae aphids. Curr. Zool. 2017, 63, 623–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Estrada-Torres, A.; de Basanta, D.W.; Lado, C. Biogeographic patterns of myxomycete biota of the Americas using a parsimony analysis of endemicity. Fungal Divers. 2012, 59, 159–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, F.; Sun, H.Y.; Zhao, Q.; Lin, C.T.; Sun, Y.F.; Gao, W.; Xu, J.J.; Zhou, J.Y.; Ge, F.; Liu, N.F. Glacial refuges for freshwater crabs of the genus Sinopotamon in China (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae). PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e0053143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, X.L.; Qiao, G.X.; Lei, F.M. Use of parsimony analysis to identify areas of endemism of Chinese birds: Implications for conservation and biogeography. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2097–2108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, C.L. Results of the Zoologico-Botanical expedition to Southwest China, 1955–1957. Acta Entomol. Sin. 1962, 11, 172–198. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, C.L. Some new species of Rhopalocera from China II. Acta Entomol. Sin. 1962, 11, 139–148. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, C.L. Some new species of Rhopalocera from China VI. Entomotaxonomia 1985, 7, 191–194. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. A new subspecies of the genus Bhutanitis from the Western Yunnan, China (Rhopalocera: Papilionidae). J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 1987, 9, 390–391. [Google Scholar]
- Koiwaya, S. Studies of Chinese Butterflies; Satoshi Koiwaya: Tokyo, Japan, 1989; Volume I, p. 239. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. Butterfly investigation on the Jizu Mountain of the western part of Yunnan. J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 1989, 11, 78–89. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. Butterflies diversity and distribution pattern on Cang Shan, Western Yunnan. J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 1991, 13, 351–368. [Google Scholar]
- Chou, I. A study on the rare butterflies of the genus Bhutanitis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) with description of two new species. Entomotaxonomia 1992, 14, 48–51. [Google Scholar]
- Koiwaya, S. Studies of Chinese Butterflies; Satoshi Koiwaya: Tokyo, Japan, 1993; Volume II. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. A new species and four new subspecies of the family Parnassiidae from Yunnan, China (Rhopalocera: Parnassiidae). J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 1994, 16, 101–105. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. A new species and two new subspecies of Paralasa from Yunnan, China. J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 1994, 16, 98–100. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. Two new species and one new subspecies of Loxerebia from Yunnan, China. J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 1994, 16, 95–97. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, H. Butterflies of Hekou County, Yunnan Province. J. Qingdao Educ. Coll. 1995, 8, 43–52. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. A new species and four new subspecies of Satyrs (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) in Yunnan Province, China. Entomotaxonomia 1995, 17, 38–43. [Google Scholar]
- Li, C.L. Study on the fauna and division of butterflies in Yunnan. Entomotaxonomia 1996, 18, 150. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, M.; Zhu, J. A new species and new records of butterflies from China (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Suppliment J. Sun Yat-Sen Univ. 1997, 17, 47–48, 58. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, D.R. Studies on the structure of the butterfly community and diversity in the fragmentary tropical rainforest of Xishuangbanna, China. Acta Entomol. Sin. 1998, 41, 48–55. [Google Scholar]
- Mao, B.Y.; Yang, Z.Z. New records of butterflies from Yunnan. Sichuan J. Zool. 2000, 19, 24. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, Z.Z.; Wang, H.X.; Yu, Z.R.; He, Y.Q. The 15 species of butterfly new to Yunnan, China. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ. 2000, 15, 305–307. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Z.Z.; Mao, B.Y.; Xu, J.S. Two new records of butterflies from Yunnan. Sichuan J. Zool. 2000, 19, 50. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, M.Y. The investigation report of butterfly resource in Xishuangbanna Region, Yunnan. J. Jilin Agric. Univ. 2001, 23, 50–57. [Google Scholar]
- Dong, D.Z.; Kavanauph, D.; Li, H. Butterfly resources of Nujiang Canyon in Yunnan. J. Southwest Agric. Univ. 2002, 24, 289–292. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Z.Z.; Mao, B.Y.; Yang, Z.S. Eight new records of butterflies from Yunnan. J. Dali Coll. 2002, 1, 52. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, H. A list of butterflies collected from Nujiang (Lou Tse Kiang) and Dulongjiang, China with descriptions of new species, new subspecies, and revisional notes (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Neue Entomol. Nachr. 2003, 55, 3–114. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, X.L.; Wang, M. Notes on the genus Calipa from China with a new species and a new record (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sin. 2004, 29, 153–156. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, H.; Xue, Y.P. A contribution to the butterfly fauna of southern Yunnan. Neue Entomol. Nachr. 2004, 57, 153–154. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, H.; Xue, Y.P. A new species of Miletus from the extreme south of Yunnan, China. Neue Entomol. Nachr. 2004, 57, 155–169. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, H.; Xue, Y.P. Notes of some Chinese butterflies. Neue Entomol. Nachr. 2004, 57, 171–178. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, S.X.; Li, X.W.; Ma, J.; Lu, F. The diversity of butterflies and protective countermeasures in Wenshan Prefecture Southeast of Yunnan Province. J. Wenshan Teach. Coll. 2005, 18, 29–31. [Google Scholar]
- Koiwaya, S.; Ueda, K. The Zephyrus Hairstreak of the World; Mushi-Sha: Tokyo, Japan, 2007; pp. 300 + 256 pl. [Google Scholar]
- Yi, C.H.; Shi, J.Y.; Chen, X.M.; He, Q.J.; Zhou, C.L.; Wang, S. Butterfly community of Jindian National Forest Park, Kunming, Yunnan. For. Res. 2008, 21, 647–651. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, S.J. Preliminary field survey of butterflies on Xishan Hill (Kunming, Yunnan Province, China). J. Res. Lepid. 2009, 41, 60–69. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, S.J. New records and a correction of butterflies in Yunnan Province. Sichuan J. Zool. 2009, 28, 596–597. [Google Scholar]
- Kocman, S. Parnassius of Tibet and the Adjacent Areas; Tschikolovets Publications: Pardubice, Czech, 2009; pp. 177 + 148 pl. [Google Scholar]
- Mao, B.Y.; Yang, Z.Z.; Bai, X.M.; Xu, J.S.; Feng, J.M. The fauna and distribution pattern of butterflies in Cangshan Erhai National Nature Reserve. J. Dali Univ. 2009, 8, 49–58. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, S.J.; Zhang, X. New records and corrections of butterflies in Yunnan Province II. Sichuan J. Zool. 2010, 29, 574–577. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, X.Q.; Zhang, Y.L.; Yuan, F. Checklist of the skipper genus Pelopidas (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from China with description of a new species. Entomotaxonomia 2010, 32, 201–208. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, M.Y.; Li, Z.L.; Wang, A.M.; Liu, Z.Q. The Diversity of Butterflies in Xishuangbanna; Yunnan Art Publishing House: Kunming, China, 2012; p. 340. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, S.J.; Zhu, J.Q.; Zhang, X. Five new records of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae & Hesperiidae) from tropical Yunnan, China. LepCey 2012, 1, 32–36. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, S.J.; Zhu, J.Q.; Zhang, X. New records of butterflies from China (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera): One genus and four species. Sichuan J. Zool. 2012, 31, 98–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, S.Y. The Nymphalidae of China (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Part I; Tschikolovets Publications: Pardubice, Czech, 2012; p. 454. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, S.J.; Zhang, X.; Cotton, A.M.; Ye, H. Discovery of a third species of Lamproptera Gray, 1832 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 2014, 3786, 469–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lang, S.Y. The Nymphalidae of China (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part II; Tschikolovets Publications: Pardubice, Czech, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, S.J.; Cotton, A.M.; Condamine, F.L.; Duan, K.; Wang, R.J.; Hsu, Y.F.; Zhang, X.; Cao, J. Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) group, with treatments of known taxa and descriptions of new species and new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 2018, 4441, 401–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, H.H.; Hu, S.J. A new subspecies of the little known Lethe tenchongensis Lang, 2016 from Central Yunnan, West China (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Atalanta 2018, 49, 139–142. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, Z.H.; Zhu, J.Q.; Hu, S.J. A note on the genus Rohana from China (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Butterflies 2019, 82, 4–12. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, H.H.; Cotton, A.M.; Condamine, F.L.; Wang, R.J.; Hsu, Y.F.; Duan, K.; Zhang, X.; Hu, S.J. Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) alebion and G. (P.) tamerlanus groups, with notes on taxonomic and distribution confusions (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 2020, 4759, 77–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.H.; Zhu, J.Q.; Dong, R.H.; Yue, Y.S.; Hu, S.J. New records of butterflies from China (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera): Two genera and seven species. Sichuan J. Zool. 2020, 39, 214–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Racheli, T.; Cotton, A.M. Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Papilionidae Part I; Omnes Artes: Milano, Italy, 2009; p. 70. [Google Scholar]
- Racheli, T.; Cotton, A.M. Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Papilionidae Part II; Omnes Artes: Milano, Italy, 2010; p. 86. [Google Scholar]
- Bozano, G.C.; Coutsis, J.; Herman, P.; Allegrucci, G.; Cesaroni, D.; Sbordoni, V. Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Pieridae Part III; Omnes Artes: Milano, Italy, 2016; p. 70. [Google Scholar]
- Della Bruna, C.; Gallo, E.; Sbordoni, V. Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Pieridae Part I, 2nd ed.; Omnes Artes: Milano, Italy, 2013; p. 92. [Google Scholar]
- Grieshuber, J. Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Pieridae Part II; Omnes Artes: Milano, Italy, 2014; p. 86. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Y.G. A Comprehensive Natural Zonation System of Yunnan Province; Higher Education Press: Beijing, China, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Tanaka, T. Species Problem in Citrus; Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science: Ueno, Tokyo, Japan, 1954. [Google Scholar]
- Lang, K.Y. Studies on the distribution patterns of some significant genera in orchid flora. Acta Phytotaxon. Sin. 1994, 32, 328–339. [Google Scholar]
- Swofford, D.L. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony. Version 4.0 b166; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Rambaut, A. FigTree: Tree Figure Drawing Tool, Version 1.0.; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh: Edinburgh, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, X.; Liu, X.F.; Ye, H. The major fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) pest species and their geographic distribution in Yunnan Province. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2010, 30, 717–725. [Google Scholar]
- Ek-Amnuay, P. Butterflies of Thailand, 2nd ed.; Baan Lae Suan Amarin Printing and Publishing: Bangkok, Thailand, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Osada, S.; Uemura, Y.; Uehara, J.; Nishiyama, Y. An Illustrated Checklist of the Butterflies of Laos P. D. R.; Mokuyo-Sha: Tokyo, Japan, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, R.Z. The Zoogeography of China; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2011; p. 342. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, C.Y. Yunnan Vegetation; Science Press: Beijing, China, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Feng, J.M.; Zhu, Y.Y. Tanaka line and its bio-geographical significance: A further discussion. Chin. J. Ecol. 2010, 29, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, H. The “Tanaka Line” and its application as a biogeographic floristic line. Plant Sci. J. 2018, 36, 761–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ju, M.M.; Fu, Y.; Zhao, G.F.; He, C.Z.; Li, Z.H.; Tian, B. Effects of the Tanaka line on the genetic structure of Bombax ceiba (Malvaceae) in dry-hot valley areas of southwest China. Ecol. Evol. 2017, 8, 3599–3608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, D.M.; Yue, J.P.; Nie, Z.L.; Li, M.Z.; Comes, H.P.; Sun, H. Phylogeography of Sophora davidii (Leguminosae) across the ‘Tanaka-Kaiyong Line’, an important phytogeographic boundary in Southwest China. Mol. Ecol. 2013, 22, 4270–4288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- James, D.G.; Seymour, L.; Lauby, G.; Buckley, K. Beauty with benefits: Butterfly conservation in Washington State, USA, wine grape vineyards. J. Insect Conserv. 2015, 19, 341–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, W.L. From Grain to Grape: Bamei Village in Yunnan, China. In Climate Change and the Future of Himalayan Farming; Aase, T.H., Ed.; Oxford University Press: New Delhi, India, 2017; pp. 179–228. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, X.M.; Zhou, C.L.; Shi, J.Y.; Shi, L.; Yi, C.H. Ornamental Butterflies in China; China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2008; p. 360. [Google Scholar]
- Asmah, S.; Ghazali, A.; Syafiq, M.; Yahya, M.S.; Peng, T.L.; Norhisham, A.R.; Puan, C.L.; Azhar, B.; Lindenmayer, D.B. Effects of polyculture and monoculture farming in oil palm smallholdings on tropical fruit-feeding butterfly diversity. Agric. For. Entomol. 2017, 19, 70–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sing, K.W.; Dong, H.; Wang, W.Z.; Wilson, J.-J. Can butterflies cope with city life? Butterfly diversity in a young megacity in southern China. Genome 2016, 59, 751–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Feber, R.E.; Johnson, P.J.; Firbank, L.G.; Hopkins, A.; Macdonald, D.W. A comparison of butterfly populations on organically and conventionally managed farmland. J. Zool. 2007, 273, 30–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez-Estebanez, F.J.; Garcia-Tejero, S.; Mateo-Tomas, P.; Olea, P.P. Effects of irrigation and landscape heterogeneity on butterfly diversity in Mediterranean farmlands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2011, 144, 262–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lebeau, J.; Wesselingh, R.A.; Van Dyck, H. Floral resource limitation severely reduces butterfly survival, condition and flight activity in simplified agricultural landscapes. Oecologia 2016, 180, 421–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacLaren, C.; Storkey, J.; Menegat, A.; Metcalfe, H.; Dehnen-Schumtz, K. An ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2020, 40, 1–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.T. Preservation of forests and environment by ethnic groups in Southern China. Yunnan For. 1998, 1998, 27. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, S.N.; Miao, J.X. Community-based forest conservation by local regulations in ethnicity inhabiting regions. Low Carbon World 2015, 5, 18–19. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, L.; Li, Z.; Liao, W.B.; Fan, Q. Values of village fengshui forest patches in biodiversity conservation in the Pearl River Delta, China. Biol. Conserv. 2011, 144, 1553–1559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- New, T.R. Butterfly Conservation; Oxford University Press: Melbourne, Australia, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, J.Q.; Gu, Y.; Chen, Z.B.; Chen, J.L. The Life History of Chinese Butterflies; Chongqing University Press: Chongqing, China, 2019; p. 616. [Google Scholar]
- Igarashi, S.; Fukuda, K. The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies; Tokai University Press: Tokyo, Japan, 1997; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
- Igarashi, S.; Fukuda, K. The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies; Tokai University Press: Tokyo, Japan, 2000; Volume 2, p. 700. [Google Scholar]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, H.-H.; Wang, W.-L.; Yu, Q.; Xing, D.-H.; Xu, Z.-B.; Duan, K.; Zhu, J.-Q.; Zhang, X.; Li, Y.-P.; Hu, S.-J. Spatial Distribution of Pollinating Butterflies in Yunnan Province, Southwest China with Resource Conservation Implications. Insects 2020, 11, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11080525
Zhang H-H, Wang W-L, Yu Q, Xing D-H, Xu Z-B, Duan K, Zhu J-Q, Zhang X, Li Y-P, Hu S-J. Spatial Distribution of Pollinating Butterflies in Yunnan Province, Southwest China with Resource Conservation Implications. Insects. 2020; 11(8):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11080525
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hui-Hong, Wen-Ling Wang, Qi Yu, Dong-Hui Xing, Zhen-Bang Xu, Kuang Duan, Jian-Qing Zhu, Xin Zhang, Yong-Ping Li, and Shao-Ji Hu. 2020. "Spatial Distribution of Pollinating Butterflies in Yunnan Province, Southwest China with Resource Conservation Implications" Insects 11, no. 8: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11080525
APA StyleZhang, H. -H., Wang, W. -L., Yu, Q., Xing, D. -H., Xu, Z. -B., Duan, K., Zhu, J. -Q., Zhang, X., Li, Y. -P., & Hu, S. -J. (2020). Spatial Distribution of Pollinating Butterflies in Yunnan Province, Southwest China with Resource Conservation Implications. Insects, 11(8), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11080525