Population Genetic Structure and Demography of the Critically Endangered Chequered Blue Butterfly (Scolitantides orion) in a Highly Isolated Part of Its Distribution Range
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Species
2.2. Study Sites
2.3. Adult Demography
2.4. Sampling for Genetic Studies and DNA Extraction
2.5. Microsatellite Analysis
2.6. PCR for Genes Amplification, Sequencing, and Genetic Diversity
2.7. Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Adult Demography
3.2. Genetic Variation at Microsatellites Loci, Gene Flow and Effective Population Size
3.3. Sequence Polymorphism in Genes
3.4. Genetic Differentiation between S. orion Populations from Poland
3.5. Phylogeographic Pattern Inferred from COI Sequences
4. Discussion
4.1. Adult Demography
4.2. Genetic Diversity and Differentiation between Populations
4.3. Phylogeographic Pattern
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locus | References | Dye | Mix | No. of Cycles | µM | Size Range | Fnull # | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macu15 * | [30] | 6-FAM | SorI (1) | 30 | 0.3 | 146 | ND | ND |
Macu44 | [31] | VIC | SorI (1) | 0.3 | 180–186 | 0.013 | 0.013 | |
boleun01 | [32] | NED | SorI (1) | 1.8 | 144–188 | −0.191 | −0.311 | |
Macu5 | [30] | 6-FAM | SorII (2) | 40 | 0.3 | 174–240 | −0.057 | −0.063 |
Macu40* | [33] | NED | SorII (2) | 0.3 | 85–167 | 0.213 | 0.169 | |
Macu16 | [30] | VIC | SorIII (3) | 45 | 0.3 | 217–303 | −0.018 | −0.054 |
Lb4/18 * | [34] | PET | SorIII (3) | 0.3 | 201–287 | 0.119 | 0.091 | |
Malc169 | [30] | 6-FAM | SorIII (3) | 0.3 | 248–332 | 0.030 | 0.029 | |
Macu9 * | [30] | NED | SorIII (3) | 0.3 | 181 | ND | ND | |
Macari16 * | [35] | VIC | SorIV (4) | 45 | 0.3 | 80–228 | 0.082 | 0.073 |
Macari18 | [35] | PET | SorIV (4) | 0.3 | 75–157 | −0.122 | −0.150 | |
Macu29 * | [33] | VIC | 45 | 0.3 | 91–217 | 0.190 | 0.130 |
Population | Year | Number of Marked Butterflies | Estimated Population Size N ± SE (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | M | F | All | ||
P1 | 2015 | 6 | 13 | 8 ± 3 (6–22) | 15 ± 3 (13–29) | 23 ± 4 (20–39) |
2016 | 31 | 20 | 48 ± 6 (40–63) | 37 ± 6 (29–52) | 85 ± 8 (66–90) | |
P2 | 2015 | 23 | 13 | 40 ± 6 (32–55) | 30 ± 6 (22–45) | 70 ± 8 (57–90) |
2016 | 47 | 27 | 92 ± 10 (76–116) | 72 ± 10 (56–96) | 164 ± 14 (138–200) |
Population | Year | Sex | Survival Rate φ ± SE (95% CI) | Mean Lifespan (Days) e ± SE (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 2015 | All | 0.84 ± 0.04 (0.75–0.91) | 5.93 ± 0.11 (3.49–10.35) |
2016 | M | 0.91 ± 0.04 (0.81–0.96) | 10.68 ± 0.04 (4.82–24.49) | |
2016 | F | 0.87 ± 0.06 (0.71–0.95) | 7.39 ± 0.06 (2.94–19.99) | |
P2 | 2015 | M | 0.87 ± 0.04 (0.76–0.93) | 6.93 ± 0.04 (3.72–13.34) |
2015 | F | 0.73 ± 0.12 (0.45–0.90) | 3.17 ± 0.12 (1.33–9.04) | |
2016 | All | 0.85 ± 0.03 (0.78–0.90) | 6.19 ± 0.03 (4.00–9.74) |
Population | All (N = 65) | P1 (N = 34) | P2 (N = 31) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locus | A | HE | HO | PIC | A | HE | HO | PIC | PHW | A | HE | HO | PIC | PHW |
Macu44 | 4 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 2 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.37 | 1.000 | 4 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.668 |
boleun01 | 6 | 0.53 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 4 | 0.54 | 0.79 | 0.44 | 0.003 | 5 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.347 |
Macu5 | 12 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 7 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.52 | 0.271 | 9 | 0.51 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.198 |
Macu16 | 6 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 5 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 1.000 | 3 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1.000 |
Malc169 | 12 | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 10 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.64 | 0.015 | 8 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.107 |
Macari18 | 7 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 7 | 0.66 | 0.77 | 0.60 | 0.132 | 5 | 0.56 | 0.71 | 0.47 | 0.316 |
Overall | 7.83 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 5.83 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.45 | 5.67 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.43 |
Nh | h (SE) | π (SE) | S | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | P1 | P2 | P1 | P2 | P1 | P2 | P1 | P2 |
COI 632 bp | 2 | 1 | 0.166 (0.080) | 0 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0 | 4 | 0 |
ND5 570 bp | 2 | 2 | 0.121 (0.075) | 0.443 (0.069) | 0.0002 (0.0004) | 0.0008 (0.0008) | 1 | 1 |
COI_ND5 1203 bp | 3 | 2 | 0.234 (0.095) | 0.443 (0.069) | 0.0005 (0.0005) | 0.0004 (0.0004) | 5 | 1 |
EF-1α 573 bp | 4 | 2 | 0.118 (0.054) | 0.259 (0.065) | 0.0004 (0.0005) | 0.0005 (0.0006) | 4 | 1 |
Wgl 338 bp | 3 | 2 | 0.536 (0.024) | 0.474 (0.033) | 0.002 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.001) | 2 | 1 |
EF-1α_Wgl 965 bp | 5 | 4 | 0.568 (0.029) | 0.624 (0.034) | 0.0008 (0.0007) | 0.0008 (0.0006) | 6 | 2 |
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Czajkowska, M.; Dawidowicz, Ł.; Borkowska, A.; Dziekańska, I.; Sielezniew, M. Population Genetic Structure and Demography of the Critically Endangered Chequered Blue Butterfly (Scolitantides orion) in a Highly Isolated Part of Its Distribution Range. Insects 2020, 11, 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090608
Czajkowska M, Dawidowicz Ł, Borkowska A, Dziekańska I, Sielezniew M. Population Genetic Structure and Demography of the Critically Endangered Chequered Blue Butterfly (Scolitantides orion) in a Highly Isolated Part of Its Distribution Range. Insects. 2020; 11(9):608. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090608
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzajkowska, Magdalena, Łukasz Dawidowicz, Anetta Borkowska, Izabela Dziekańska, and Marcin Sielezniew. 2020. "Population Genetic Structure and Demography of the Critically Endangered Chequered Blue Butterfly (Scolitantides orion) in a Highly Isolated Part of Its Distribution Range" Insects 11, no. 9: 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090608