Identification of Novel Toxin Genes from the Stinging Nettle Caterpillar Parasa lepida (Cramer, 1799): Insights into the Evolution of Lepidoptera Toxins
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Caterpillars and RNA Isolation
2.2. RNA Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis
2.3. Identification of Toxin Genes
2.4. Gene Orthology and Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Transcriptome Assembly and Gene Annotation
3.2. Candidate Toxin Genes of Parasa lepida
3.3. Gene Family Expansion
3.4. The Expression Level of the Candidate Parasa lepida Toxin Genes
3.5. Putative Novel Toxin Proteins from P. lepida
4. Discussion
4.1. Predicted Functions of P. lepida Toxins
4.1.1. Knottin-Like Peptides
4.1.2. CAP Family
4.1.3. Venom Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
4.1.4. Venom Acid Phosphatase
4.1.5. Carboxylesterase-6
4.1.6. Serine Proteases
4.1.7. Lipocalins
4.1.8. Serine Protease Inhibitor (Serpin)
4.1.9. Kazal-Type Protease Inhibitor
4.1.10. Kunitz-Type Protease Inhibitor
4.1.11. Trypsin Inhibitor
4.1.12. Serine Carboxypeptidase
4.1.13. C-Type Lectin
4.1.14. Phospholipase A2
4.1.15. Antimicrobial Peptides
4.2. P. lepida Toxins in Comparison with Other Venomous Lepidoptera
4.3. Evolution of P. lepida Toxin Genes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sequence Analysis | Counts | Length (bp) |
---|---|---|
Raw sequence reads acquired | 67,876,696 | 6,787,669,600 |
Sequence reads after QC | 66,361,788 | 6,636,178,800 |
Contigs after trinity assembly | 48,761 | 34,507,843 |
Unique contigs (Unigene) | 34,968 | 27,807,171 |
GC content of Unigene | 36.73% | |
Average length | 795 | |
N50 | 1315 |
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Mitpuangchon, N.; Nualcharoen, K.; Boonrotpong, S.; Engsontia, P. Identification of Novel Toxin Genes from the Stinging Nettle Caterpillar Parasa lepida (Cramer, 1799): Insights into the Evolution of Lepidoptera Toxins. Insects 2021, 12, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050396
Mitpuangchon N, Nualcharoen K, Boonrotpong S, Engsontia P. Identification of Novel Toxin Genes from the Stinging Nettle Caterpillar Parasa lepida (Cramer, 1799): Insights into the Evolution of Lepidoptera Toxins. Insects. 2021; 12(5):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050396
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitpuangchon, Natrada, Kwan Nualcharoen, Singtoe Boonrotpong, and Patamarerk Engsontia. 2021. "Identification of Novel Toxin Genes from the Stinging Nettle Caterpillar Parasa lepida (Cramer, 1799): Insights into the Evolution of Lepidoptera Toxins" Insects 12, no. 5: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050396