Grape Phylloxera Genetic Structure Reveals Root–Leaf Migration within Commercial Vineyards
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Phylloxera Sampling
2.2. DNA Isolation and Genotyping
2.3. Population Genetic Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Population Structure of Vineyard Scenarios
3.2. Leaf Infestation Outbreaks
3.3. Reproduction and Genetic Diversity
4. Discussion
4.1. Sources of Vineyard Leaf Infestation
4.2. Population Bottlenecks
4.3. Critical Considerations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Type and Year | Vineyard Location | Vin + RH | FR + RH | RH (Thicket) | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf | Root | Leaf | Root | Leaf | Root | |||
Vineyard-wide sampling; 2018 | Britzingen | 100 | 85 | - | - | - | - | 185 |
Pfaffenweiler | 39 | 49 | - | - | - | - | 88 | |
Ihringen | 71 | 65 | - | - | 45 | - | 181 | |
Bahlingen | 9 | 8 | 85 | 13 | 25 | - | 140 | |
Single-plant sampling; 2019 | Bahlingen E1 | - | - | 50 | 55 | - | - | 105 |
Bahlingen E2 | - | - | 60 | 63 | - | - | 123 |
Britzingen | Pfaffenweiler | Ihringen | Bahlingen | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | R | L | R | L | R | T | L | R | T | |
Individuals (n) | 86 | 65 | 30 | 36 | 38 | 39 | 44 | 52 | 8 | 18 |
Distinct MLGs | 39 | 36 | 16 | 19 | 36 | 28 | 37 | 46 | 8 | 12 |
Gen. div. (R) | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.95 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.65 |
Clonal MLGs 1 | 21/23 | 9/11 | 7/7 | 9/9 | 4/4 | 7/7 | 6/6 | 5/5 | 0/0 | 2/2 |
Unique alleles | 0/25 | 5/33 | 0/23 | 0/25 | 0/28 | 1/35 | 3/37 | 0/32 | 0/20 | 0/27 |
p (HWE) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.427 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.17 | 0.587 | <0.001 |
FIS multi-locus | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.05 | −0.12 | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.09 |
Single-Plant Sampling | Vineyard Sampling | Native Habitat Sampling [39] | |
---|---|---|---|
Individuals (n) | 152 | 416 | 41 |
Distinct MLGs | 45 | 186 | 38 |
Gen. div. (R) | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.93 |
Clonal MLGs 1 | 18/25 | 52/76 | 2/3 |
Unique alleles | 0/17 | 8/28 | 22/28 |
p (HWE) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
FIS multi-locus | −0.168 | 0.013 | 0.160 |
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Wilmink, J.; Breuer, M.; Forneck, A. Grape Phylloxera Genetic Structure Reveals Root–Leaf Migration within Commercial Vineyards. Insects 2021, 12, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080697
Wilmink J, Breuer M, Forneck A. Grape Phylloxera Genetic Structure Reveals Root–Leaf Migration within Commercial Vineyards. Insects. 2021; 12(8):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080697
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilmink, Jurrian, Michael Breuer, and Astrid Forneck. 2021. "Grape Phylloxera Genetic Structure Reveals Root–Leaf Migration within Commercial Vineyards" Insects 12, no. 8: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080697