Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Apis mellifera and Bombusterrestris to Melon Flower Volatiles
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Plants
2.3. Identification of Volatile Compounds
2.4. EAG Recording
2.5. Behavior Tests
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Identification of Volatile Compounds
3.2. EAG Response of Bees to Volatiles
3.2.1. EAG Response of A. mellifera
3.2.2. EAG Response of B. terrestris
3.2.3. Comparison of EAG responses between A. mellifera and B. terrestris
3.3. Behavior Tests
3.3.1. Behavior Tests of A. mellifera
3.3.2. Behavior Tests of B. terrestris
3.3.3. Comparison of Behavior Tests between A. mellifera and B. terrestris
4. Discussion
4.1. Identification of Volatile Compounds from Melon Flowers
4.2. EAG Response of Bees to Volatiles
4.3. Behavior Tests
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Compounds | Relative EAG Response Values (rEAG) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 μg/μL | 100 μg/μL | 200 μg/μL | 300 μg/μL | 400 μg/μL | 500 μg/μL | |
heptadecane | 0.84 ± 0.33 Aabcdef | 0.31 ± 0.08 Bcd | 0.26 ± 0.07 Bc | 0.17 ± 0.05 Bd | 0.26 ± 0.07 Bb | 0.44 ± 0.24 ABb |
3-phenyl-2-propenal | 0.23 ± 0.07 Bef | 0.24 ± 0.06 Bcd | 0.31 ± 0.09 Bc | 0.18 ± 0.06 Bcd | 0.29 ± 0.10 Bb | 0.63 ± 0.15 Ab |
hexadecane | 0.38 ± 0.15 Aef | 0.16 ± 0.04 Ad | 0.15 ± 0.07 Ac | 0.31 ± 0.16 Abcd | 0.34 ± 0.15 Ab | 0.52 ± 0.27 Ab |
2,5-dimethyl-benzaldehyde | 0.24 ± 0.15 Aef | 0.84 ± 0.24 Abcd | 0.81 ± 0.31 Abc | 0.86 ± 0.33 Abcd | 0.79 ± 0.41 Ab | 0.84 ± 0.50 Ab |
dimethyl phthalate | 0.60 ± 0.14 Abcdef | 0.30 ± 0.13 ABcd | 0.25 ± 0.11 Bc | 0.40 ± 0.10 ABbcd | 0.21 ± 0.06 Bb | 0.23 ± 0.06 Bb |
hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 0.45 ± 0.17 Adef | 0.15 ± 0.05 Ad | 0.34 ± 0.20 Ac | 0.48 ± 0.28 Abcd | 0.59 ± 0.36 Ab | 0.53 ± 0.30 Ab |
benzaldehyde | 1.43 ± 0.59 Aabc | 1.84 ± 0.82 Abc | 1.86 ± 0.87 Abc | 2.06 ± 0.85 Abc | 1.86 ± 0.89 Ab | 1.82 ± 0.88 Ab |
e-2-hexenal | 1.02 ± 0.30 Aabcdef | 2.32 ± 0.76 Ab | 2.42 ± 0.86 Ab | 2.15 ± 0.87 Ab | 2.15 ± 0.80 Ab | 1.84 ± 0.74 Ab |
benzenepropanal | 0.66 ± 0.28 Aabcdef | 0.86 ± 0.38 Abcd | 0.62 ± 0.20 Ac | 0.81 ± 0.33 Abcd | 0.72 ± 0.26 Ab | 0.75 ± 0.29 Ab |
benzeneacetaldehyde | 1.51 ± 0.55 Aab | 1.45 ± 0.64 Abcd | 1.24 ± 0.41 Abc | 0.93 ± 0.34 Abcd | 0.97 ± 0.44 Ab | 0.92 ± 0.42 Ab |
1-nonanal | 1.58 ± 0.53 Aa | 4.68 ± 2.13 Aa | 5.17 ± 2.34 Aa | 5.71 ± 2.47 Aa | 5.59 ± 2.45 Aa | 5.96 ± 2.48 Aa |
1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene | 0.50 ± 0.19 Acdef | 0.41 ± 0.14 Acd | 0.37 ± 0.09 Ac | 0.49 ± 0.09 Abcd | 0.47 ± 0.16 Ab | 0.52 ± 0.15 Ab |
trans-ß-ionone | 0.36 ± 0.10 Aef | 0.49 ± 0.18 Acd | 0.48 ± 0.14 Ac | 0.78 ± 0.23 Abcd | 0.87 ± 0.33 Ab | 0.65 ± 0.34 Ab |
3-nonen-2-one | 1.15 ± 0.30 Aabcde | 1.57 ± 0.61 Abcd | 1.57 ± 0.66 Abc | 1.40 ± 0.60 Abcd | 1.44 ± 0.50 Ab | 1.24 ± 0.49 Ab |
nonadecane | 0.51 ± 0.31 Acdef | 0.44 ± 0.28 Acd | 0.30 ± 0.17 Ac | 0.98 ± 0.44 Abcd | 0.71 ± 0.39 Ab | 0.49 ± 0.32 Ab |
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate | 0.32 ± 0.11 Aef | 0.24 ± 0.12 Acd | 0.44 ± 0.07 Ac | 0.22 ± 0.09 Acd | 0.29 ± 0.10 Ab | 0.48 ± 0.20 Ab |
e-2-decenal | 0.29 ± 0.10 Bef | 1.11 ± 0.32 ABbcd | 1.32 ± 0.48 ABbc | 1.47 ± 0.46 ABbcd | 1.54 ± 0.44 Ab | 1.76 ± 0.53 Ab |
hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 0.18 ± 0.07 Af | 0.18 ± 0.07 Ad | 0.18 ± 0.06 Ac | 0.15 ± 0.04 Ad | 0.31 ± 0.11 Ab | 0.34 ± 0.10 Ab |
e-2-octenal | 0.94 ± 0.45 Aabcdef | 1.36 ± 0.59 Abcd | 1.69 ± 0.74 Abc | 1.92 ± 0.65 Abcd | 2.05 ± 0.90 Ab | 1.95 ± 0.70 Ab |
decanal | 0.29 ± 0.05 Aef | 0.39 ± 0.12 Acd | 0.43 ± 0.14 Ac | 0.75 ± 0.27 Abcd | 0.60 ± 0.30 Ab | 0.80 ± 0.37 Ab |
phytol | 0.46 ± 0.16 Adef | 0.56 ± 0.22 Acd | 1.04 ± 0.49 Abc | 1.04 ± 0.61 Abcd | 1.15 ± 0.64 Ab | 1.16 ± 0.84 Ab |
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester | 0.90 ± 0.55 Abcdfe | 0.53 ± 0.21 Acd | 0.89 ± 0.45 Abc | 0.85 ± 0.34 Abcd | 0.86 ± 0.49 Ab | 1.03 ± 0.61 Ab |
dodecanal | 0.42 ± 0.22 Adef | 0.48 ± 0.22 Acd | 0.41 ± 0.18 Ac | 0.39 ± 0.18 Abcd | 0.46 ± 0.12 Ab | 0.37 ± 0.13 Ab |
1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene | 1.35 ± 0.83 Aabcd | 1.60 ± 0.88 Abc | 1.31 ± 0.91 Abc | 1.72 ± 0.99 Abcd | 2.14 ± 1.03 Ab | 1.91 ± 1.06 Ab |
Compounds | Relative EAG Response Values (rEAG) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 μg/μL | 100 μg/μL | 200 μg/μL | 300 μg/μL | 400 μg/μL | 500 μg/μL | |
heptadecane | 0.30 ± 0.09 Ac | 0.17 ± 0.04 Ae | 0.35 ± 0.12 Ac | 0.38 ± 0.17 Acd | 0.42 ± 0.22 Ac | 0.14 ± 0.02 Ac |
3-phenyl-2-propenal | 0.54 ± 0.03 Abc | 0.48 ± 0.17 Ae | 0.42 ± 0.26 Ac | 0.43 ± 0.16 Acd | 0.58 ± 0.16 Ac | 0.54 ± 0.21 Abc |
hexadecane | 0.41 ± 0.21 Abc | 0.21 ± 0.09 Ae | 0.26 ± 0.09 Ac | 0.32 ± 0.12 Acd | 0.37 ± 0.22 Ac | 0.54 ± 0.29 Abc |
2,5-dimethyl-benzaldehyde | 0.30 ± 0.18 Bc | 1.73 ± 0.63 ABbcde | 2.35 ± 0.94 ABbc | 2.50 ± 0.50 Abcd | 2.50 ± 0.86 Abc | 2.18 ± 0.77 ABbc |
dimethyl phthalate | 0.89 ± 0.21 Abc | 0.56 ± 0.25 Acde | 0.64 ± 0.32 Ac | 0.67 ± 0.29 Acd | 0.44 ± 0.15 Ac | 0.65 ± 0.29 Abc |
hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 0.46 ± 0.15 Abc | 0.25 ± 0.06 Ae | 0.33 ± 0.12 Ac | 0.30 ± 0.10 Acd | 0.13 ± 0.03 Ac | 0.34 ± 0.11 Abc |
benzaldehyde | 3.00 ± 1.99 Aa | 2.83 ± 2.07 Abcd | 3.58 ± 2.69 Ab | 4.04 ± 2.77 Ab | 3.71 ± 2.90 Aab | 1.56 ± 1.26 Abc |
e-2-hexenal | 0.78 ± 0.38 Abc | 2.85 ± 1.13 Abc | 2.41 ± 1.13 Abc | 2.63 ± 1.24 Abcd | 2.70 ± 1.28 Abc | 2.78 ± 1.25 Ab |
benzenepropanal | 0.88 ± 0.51 Abc | 3.16 ± 1.72 Ab | 2.81 ± 1.66 Abc | 3.06 ± 1.72 Abc | 2.88 ± 1.69 Abc | 2.32 ± 1.29 Abc |
benzeneacetaldehyde | 0.84 ± 0.18 Abc | 0.54 ± 0.21 Ade | 0.38 ± 0.19 Ac | 0.32 ± 0.06 Acd | 1.11 ± 0.62 Abc | 0.57 ± 0.06 Abc |
1-nonanal | 0.77 ± 0.46 Abc | 1.40 ± 1.09 Abcde | 1.44 ± 1.23 Abc | 1.80 ± 1.49 Abcd | 1.98 ± 1.45 Abc | 1.97 ± 1.44 Abc |
1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene | 0.37 ± 0.09 Abc | 0.21 ± 0.09 Ae | 0.50 ± 0.24 Ac | 0.63 ± 0.08 Acd | 0.50 ± 0.09 Ac | 0.59 ± 0.10 Abc |
trans-ß-ionone | 0.57 ± 0.29 Abc | 0.32 ± 0.14 Ae | 0.52 ± 0.22 Ac | 0.19 ± 0.11 Acd | 0.35 ± 0.12 Ac | 0.28 ± 0.09 Abc |
3-nonen-2-one | 0.48 ± 0.13 Abc | 0.26 ± 0.08 Ae | 0.31 ± 0.12 Ac | 0.26 ± 0.11 Acd | 0.45 ± 0.09 Ac | 0.46 ± 0.19 Abc |
nonadecane | 0.44 ± 0.16 Abc | 0.26 ± 0.04 Ae | 0.22 ± 0.08 Ac | 0.33 ± 0.20 Acd | 0.26 ± 0.05 Ac | 0.15 ± 0.08 Ac |
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate | 0.36 ± 0.15 Ac | 0.48 ± 0.26 Ae | 0.36 ± 0.12 Ac | 0.46 ± 0.10 Acd | 0.45 ± 0.04 Ac | 0.22 ± 0.13 Ac |
e-2-decenal | 0.37 ± 0.05 Abc | 0.95 ± 0.42 Abcde | 1.11 ± 0.59 Abc | 1.20 ± 0.56 Abcd | 1.41 ± 0.47 Abc | 1.36 ± 0.62 Abc |
hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 0.42 ± 0.08 Abc | 0.62 ± 0.12 Acde | 0.35 ± 0.22 Ac | 0.22 ± 0.11 Acd | 0.36 ± 0.11 Ac | 0.30 ± 0.16 Abc |
e-2-octenal | 1.75 ± 0.81 Aab | 6.02 ± 2.17 Aa | 6.92 ± 2.70 Aa | 7.03 ± 2.96 Aa | 5.91 ± 2.78 Aa | 7.33 ± 3.19 Aa |
decanal | 0.69 ± 0.33 Abc | 0.80 ± 0.45 Acde | 0.83 ± 0.37 Ac | 1.66 ± 0.83 Abcd | 0.73 ± 0.39 Ac | 1.44 ± 0.41 Abc |
phytol | 0.31 ± 0.15 Ac | 0.24 ± 0.15 Ae | 0.27 ± 0.11 Ac | 0.17 ± 0.04 Ad | 0.54 ± 0.28 Ac | 0.28 ± 0.08 Abc |
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester | 0.41 ± 0.19 bAc | 0.30 ± 0.11 Ae | 0.38 ± 0.13 Ac | 0.30 ± 0.20 Acd | 0.50 ± 0.23 Ac | 0.71 ± 0.35 Abc |
dodecanal | 0.18 ± 0.14 Bc | 0.88 ± 0.57 ABbcde | 0.96 ± 0.40 ABbc | 1.20 ± 0.49 ABbcd | 1.46 ± 0.74 ABbc | 1.78 ± 0.61 Abc |
1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene | 0.30 ± 0.09 Bc | 0.22 ± 0.12 Be | 0.34 ± 0.19 ABc | 0.55 ± 0.09 ABcd | 0.66 ± 0.20 Ac | 0.43 ± 0.09 ABbc |
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Compounds | CAS Number | Purity (%) | Origin |
---|---|---|---|
benzaldehyde | 100-52-7 | ≥99.5 | Aladdin |
e-2-hexenal | 6728-26-3 | 98 | Aladdin |
heptadecane | 629-78-7 | ≥99 | Macklin |
benzenepropanal | 104-53-0 | 95 | Aladdin |
trans-ß-ionone | 79-77-6 | >90.0 | Aladdin |
3-phenyl-2-propenal | 104-55-2 | 98 | Macklin |
benzeneacetaldehyde | 122-78-1 | 95 | Aladdin |
hexadecane | 544-76-3 | 99 | Macklin |
1-nonanal | 124-19-6 | 96 | Aladdin |
1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene | 1014-60-4 | >98.0 | Aladdin |
2,5-dimethyl-benzaldehyde | 5779-94-2 | 98 | Macklin |
dimethyl phthalate | 131-11-3 | ≥99.7 | Aladdin |
hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 112-39-0 | 99 | Aladdin |
3-nonen-2-one | 14309-57-0 | ≥96 | Macklin |
nonadecane | 629-92-5 | 98 | Macklin |
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate | 6846-50-0 | 98.5 | Aladdin |
e-2-decenal | 3913-81-3 | 98.5 | Aladdin |
hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 628-97-7 | ≥99 | Aladdin |
e-2-octenal | 2548-87-0 | 95 | Aladdin |
decanal | 112-31-2 | 97 | Aladdin |
phytol | 150-86-7 | >90.0 | Aladdin |
1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester | 84-78-6 | 95 | Aladdin |
dodecanal | 112-54-9 | 95 | Aladdin |
1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene | 93-16-3 | >98.0 | Aladdin |
Compounds | CAS Number | Female Flowers | Male Flowers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retain Time (min) | Relative Content (%) | Retain Time (min) | Relative Content (%) | ||
aldehydes | |||||
benzaldehyde | 100-52-7 | 7.952 | 48.83 | 7.938 | 74.39 |
e-2-hexenal | 6728-26-3 | 4.566 | 7.13 | 4.619 | 3.22 |
benzeneacetaldehyde | 122-78-1 | 11.268 | 1.06 | 11.203 | 1.06 |
1-nonanal | 124-19-6 | 13.62 | 0.24 | 13.653 | 1.4 |
benzenepropanal | 104-53-0 | 16.094 | 2.12 | 16.1 | 0.45 |
pentadecanal- | 2765-11-9 | 32.562 | 0.4 | 34.003 | 0.04 |
2,5-dimethyl-benzaldehyde | 5779-94-2 | 18.442 | 0.13 | — | — |
3-phenyl-2-propenal | 104-55-2 | 21.706 | 1.38 | — | — |
retinal | 116-31-4 | 33.622 | 0.05 | — | — |
decanal | 112-31-2 | — | — | 17.961 | 0.19 |
2,4-dimethyl-benzaldehyde | 15764-16-6 | — | — | 18.42 | 0.3 |
e-2-decenal, | 3913-81-3 | — | — | 21.067 | 0.39 |
dodecanal | 112-54-9 | — | — | 26.828 | 0.14 |
z-13-octadecenal | 58594-45-9 | — | — | 30.962 | 0.09 |
hexadecanal | 629-80-1 | — | — | 32.563 | 0.16 |
e-2-octenal | 2548-87-0 | — | — | 11.737 | 0.26 |
alkanes | |||||
2-methyltetracosane | 1560-78-7 | 32.306 | 0.16 | — | — |
heptadecane | 629-78-7 | 39.445 | 2.88 | — | — |
1,1,3-tricyclohexylpropane | 55682-89-8 | 40.856 | 0.16 | — | — |
hexadecane | 544-76-3 | 41.135 | 1.06 | — | — |
heneicosane | 629-94-7 | 42.346 | 23.82 | — | — |
nonadecane | 629-92-5 | — | — | 39.453 | 1.06 |
4-propoxy-4’-propyl-1,1’-bicyclohexyl | 98321-58-5 | — | — | 40.627 | 0.03 |
tetracosane | 646-31-1 | — | — | 42.333 | 4.6 |
ethers | |||||
1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene | 93-16-3 | — | — | 28.062 | 0.12 |
alkynes | |||||
1-dodecyne | 765-03-7 | 6.157 | 0.1 | — | — |
1-octadecyne | 629-89-0 | 26.831 | 0.11 | — | — |
4-ethyl-3-nonen-5-yne | 74685-67-9 | — | — | 23.908 | 0.85 |
alkenes | |||||
11-chloro-1-undecene | 872-17-3 | 26.079 | 0.27 | — | — |
3-ethyl-cyclohexene | 2808-71-1 | — | — | 9.854 | 0.38 |
esters | |||||
dimethyl phthalate | 131-11-3 | 28.012 | 0.37 | — | — |
hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 112-39-0 | 35.686 | 0.37 | — | — |
docosanoic acid, ethyl ester | 5908-87-2 | 36.978 | 0.55 | 33.688 | 0.05 |
11-dodecen-1-ol trifluoroacetate | 128792-46-1 | 40.712 | 0.3 | — | — |
1,2,4-benzene tricarboxylic acid, 1,2-dimethyl ester | 54699-35-3 | — | — | 3.966 | 1.4 |
cyclohexanol, 2-methylene-3-(1-methylethenyl)-, acetate, cis- | 54824-09-8 | — | — | 18.633 | 0.13 |
borinic acid, diethyl-, 1-ethynylcyclohexyl ester | 55848-34-5 | — | — | 19.548 | 0.14 |
phenprobamate | 673-31-4 | — | — | 22.921 | 0.34 |
pentanoic acid, 5-hydroxy-, 2,4-di-t-butyl phenyl esters | 166273-38-7 | — | — | 29.335 | 0.39 |
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate | 6846-50-0 | — | — | 30.719 | 0.53 |
1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester | 84-78-6 | — | — | 34.843 | 0.14 |
hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | 628-97-7 | — | — | 36.982 | 0.36 |
alcohols | |||||
3,6,6-trimethyl-2-norpinanol | 29548-09-2 | 25.545 | 0.28 | 25.552 | 0.43 |
2-methyl-6-methylene-2-octanol | 18479-59-9 | 33.419 | 0.13 | — | — |
z,z-2,5-pentadecadien-1-ol | 139185-79-8 | 33.724 | 0.06 | — | — |
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol | 102608-53-7 | 34.298 | 0.14 | — | — |
4-cyclooctene-1-methanol | 13366-81-9 | — | — | 17.61 | 0.03 |
2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-cyclopropanemethanol | 98678-70-7 | — | — | 25.978 | 0.11 |
trans,trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene-1,8-diol | 26488-97-1 | — | — | 26.083 | 0.09 |
2-butyl-1-octanol | 3913-2-8 | — | — | 26.552 | 0.07 |
phytol | 150-86-7 | — | — | 31.946 | 0.19 |
aromatics | |||||
1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene | 1014-60-4 | 20.486 | 0.15 | 20.486 | 0.3 |
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol | 96-76-4 | 29.334 | 0.55 | — | — |
5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol | 500-66-3 | 29.459 | 0.62 | 29.466 | 0.15 |
asarone | 2883-98-9 | 31.174 | 0.49 | — | — |
5-butyl-6-hexyloctahydro-1h-indene | 55044-36-5 | 40.623 | 0.01 | — | — |
2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-3a,6-methano-3ah-indene | 98640-29-0 | — | — | 21.792 | 0.35 |
5-ethyl-5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline | 91875-70-6 | — | — | 23.518 | 0.05 |
butylated hydroxytoluene | 128-37-0 | — | — | 29.18 | 0.05 |
ß-asarone | 5273-86-9 | — | — | 31.175 | 1.64 |
1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)-benzene | 487-11-6 | — | — | 32.133 | 0.18 |
ketones | |||||
4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one | 6901-97-9 | 27.293 | 0.14 | — | — |
trans-ß-ionone | 79-77-6 | 28.635 | 1.53 | — | — |
4-cyclohexylidene-3,3-diethyl-2-pentanone | 313253-65-5 | 32.093 | 0.2 | — | — |
1-phenyl-1-propanone | 93-55-0 | 16.33 | 1.01 | 16.346 | 0.6 |
(z)- 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one | 3879-26-3 | 27.897 | 0.26 | 27.897 | 0.17 |
(r)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4h)-benzofuranone | 17092-92-1 | 29.56 | 0.27 | 29.567 | 0.24 |
6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone | 502-69-2 | 34.413 | 1.34 | 34.413 | 0.38 |
(1-oxa-2-aza-spiro [2.5]oct-2-yl)-phenyl methanone | 2289-83-0 | — | — | 12.351 | 0.17 |
3-nonen-2-one | 14309-57-0 | — | — | 20.208 | 0.03 |
2,4,4-trimethyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)cyclohex-2-enone | 88725-82-0 | — | — | 24.81 | 0.19 |
α-ionone | 127-41-3 | — | — | 27.294 | 0.14 |
4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one | 23267-57-4 | — | — | 28.636 | 1.59 |
others | |||||
dicyclopentadiene diepoxide | 81-21-0 | 23.921 | 0.74 | — | — |
3-methyl-2-(3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl) furan | 166773-55-3 | 35.617 | 0.61 | 35.627 | 0.14 |
ethinamate | 126-52-3 | — | — | 10.652 | 0.1 |
Compounds | CAS Number | Female Flowers | Male Flowers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retain Time (min) | Relative Content (%) | Retain Time (min) | Relative Content (%) | ||
alkenes | |||||
docosanoic acid, ethyl ester | 5908-87-2 | 36.978 | 0.55 | 33.688 | 0.05 |
aldehydes | |||||
e-2-hexenal | 6728-26-3 | 4.566 | 7.13 | 4.619 | 3.22 |
benzaldehyde | 100-52-7 | 7.952 | 48.83 | 7.938 | 74.39 |
benzeneacetaldehyde | 122-78-1 | 11.268 | 1.06 | 11.203 | 1.06 |
1-nonanal | 124-19-6 | 13.62 | 0.24 | 13.653 | 1.4 |
benzenepropanal | 104-53-0 | 16.094 | 2.12 | 16.1 | 0.45 |
pentadecanal- | 2765-11-9 | 32.562 | 0.4 | 34.003 | 0.04 |
aromatics | |||||
1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene | 1014-60-4 | 20.486 | 0.15 | 20.486 | 0.3 |
5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol | 500-66-3 | 29.459 | 0.62 | 29.466 | 0.15 |
ketones | |||||
1-phenyl-1-propanone | 93-55-0 | 16.33 | 1.01 | 16.346 | 0.6 |
(z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one | 3879-26-3 | 27.897 | 0.26 | 27.897 | 0.17 |
(r)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4h)-benzofuranone | 17092-92-1 | 29.56 | 0.27 | 29.567 | 0.24 |
6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone | 502-69-2 | 34.413 | 1.34 | 34.413 | 0.38 |
alcohols | |||||
3,6,6-trimethyl-2-norpinanol | 29548-09-2 | 25.545 | 0.28 | 25.552 | 0.43 |
others | |||||
3-methyl-2-(3,7,11-trimethyldodecyl) furan | 166773-55-3 | 35.617 | 0.61 | 35.627 | 0.14 |
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Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Gao, F.; Chen, M.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Ma, W. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Apis mellifera and Bombusterrestris to Melon Flower Volatiles. Insects 2022, 13, 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13110973
Zhang J, Liu J, Gao F, Chen M, Jiang Y, Zhao H, Ma W. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Apis mellifera and Bombusterrestris to Melon Flower Volatiles. Insects. 2022; 13(11):973. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13110973
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jiangchao, Jinjia Liu, Fei Gao, Min Chen, Yusuo Jiang, Huiting Zhao, and Weihua Ma. 2022. "Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Apis mellifera and Bombusterrestris to Melon Flower Volatiles" Insects 13, no. 11: 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13110973