Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptome Response of Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana under Short-Term Starvation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Acquisition and Culture of Beauveria Bassiana Strain
2.2. Acquisition and Disposal Method of Dioryctria sylvestrella Larvae
2.3. RNA Isolation for Sequencing
2.4. Next-Generation Sequencing and Raw Data Analysis
2.5. Assembly and Annotation of Transcripts
2.6. Tissue Differential Expression Assessed via qRT-PCR
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dioryctria sylvestrella Larvae Mortality after Infection with Bb SBM-03
3.2. Transcriptome Analysis after Starvation and BbSBM-03 Infection
3.3. Expression Patterns of Key Related Genes Verified by qRT-PCR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Whitehouse, C.; Roe, A.; Strong, W.; Evenden, M.; Sperling, F. Biology and management of North American cone-feeding Dioryctria species. Can. Entomol. 2011, 143, 1–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mutuura, A.; Munroe, E. American Species of Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Iii. Grouping Of Species: Species of The Auranticella Group, Including The Asian Species, With The Description Of A New Species. Can. Entomol. 1972, 104, 609–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal-Sáenz, A.; Waring, K.M.; Álvarez-Zagoya, R.; Hernández-Díaz, J.C.; López-Sánchez, C.A.; Martínez-Guerrero, J.H.; Wehenkel, C. Assessment and Models of Insect Damage to Cones and Seeds of Pinus strobiformis in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 628795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naves, P.; Silva, C.; Nóbrega, F.; Sousa, E. Not just the cones: Dioryctria mendacella (Lepidotera Pyralidae) also attacks grafted pine shoots. Bull. Insectology 2022, 75, 55–58. Available online: https://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol75-2022-055-058naves.pdf (accessed on 19 March 2023).
- Стрельцoв, А. Обзoр видoв рoда Dioryctria Z. (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Phycitidae) фауны юга Дальнегo Вoстoка Рoссии. Амурский Зooлoгический Журнал 2011, 3, 360–366. Available online: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obzor-vidov-roda-dioryctria-z-lepidoptera-pyraloidea-phycitidae-fauny-yuga-dalnego-vostoka-rossii/viewer (accessed on 19 March 2023).
- Niu, H.; Wang, Q.; Yan, S.; Chen, L. Spatial distribution pattern and sampling technique for two species of Dioryctria larvae. J. Northeast. For. Univ. 2019, 47, 103–107. Available online: https://dlxb.nefu.edu.cn/#/digest?ArticleID=2643 (accessed on 19 March 2023).
- Kim, D.; Lee, Y.D.; Jwa, M.E.; Lee, C.Y.; Nam, Y. Occurrence status of cone insects on Korean fir (Abies koreana) in Mt. Halla. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 2020, 59, 417–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menassieu, P.; Stocke, J.; Levieux, J.J.J.o.A.E. Biological studies on Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratz.)(Lep., Pyralidae), a pest of Pinus pinaster Ait in south-west France. J. Appl. Entomol. 1989, 107, 238–247. Available online: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=DE89U0429 (accessed on 19 March 2023). [CrossRef]
- Sarıkaya, O.; Çatal, Y. Effects of Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratzeburg, 1840) on basal area increment loss of the young brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) trees in the south-western of Turkey. Res. J. Biotechnol. 2014, 9, 24–28. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oguzhan-Sarikaya/publication/288135693_Effects_of_Dioryctria_sylvestrella_Ratzeburg_1840_on_Basal_Area_Increment_Loss_of_the_young_Brutian_pine_Pinus_brutia_Ten_Trees_in_the_south-western_of_Turkey/links/5bf55359299bf1124fe269b3/Effects-of-Dioryctria-sylvestrella-Ratzeburg-1840-on-Basal-Area-Increment-Loss-of-the-young-Brutian-pine-Pinus-brutia-Ten-Trees-in-the-south-western-of-Turkey.pdf (accessed on 19 March 2023).
- Bhandari, R.; Swati, P.; Joshi, M.; Zaidi, S.; Rawat, J.; Vinod, K.J. Control of cone worm, Dioryctria abietella Denis and Schiffermueller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in seed production areas of spruce, Picea smithiana boiss by systemic insecticides. Indian Forester. 2006, 132, 1041–1046. Available online: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20073172405 (accessed on 19 March 2023).
- Bhandari, R.; Joshi, M.; Zaidi, S.; Rawat, J.J.I.F. Chemical control of cone worm, Dioryctria abietella, infesting cones of silver fir (Abies pindrow) by systemic insecticides. Indian Forester. 2003, 129, 401–406. Available online: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20033126011 (accessed on 19 March 2023).
- Silva, A.C.; Ricalde, M.P.; Scalzer, R.R.C.; Zilli, J.E.; Lopes, R.B. Protection. Natural occurrence of Beauveria bassiana on adults of the invasive mango seed weevil Sternochetus mangiferae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Brazil. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2022, 129, 79–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimmermann, G.; Huger, A.M.; Kleespies, R.G. Occurrence and prevalence of insect pathogens in populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L.: A long-term diagnostic survey. Insects 2013, 4, 425–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Araújo, J.P.; Hughes, D.P. Diversity of entomopathogenic fungi: Which groups conquered the insect body? Adv. Genet. 2016, 94, 1–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Faria, M.R.; Wraight, S.P. Mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides: A comprehensive list with worldwide coverage and international classification of formulation types. Biol. Control. 2007, 43, 237–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mascarin, G.M.; Jaronski, S.T. The production and uses of Beauveria bassiana as a microbial insecticide. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2016, 32, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Ren, M.; Liu, X.; Xia, H.; Chen, K. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins in insect immunity. Mol. Immunol. 2019, 106, 69–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosales, C.; Vonnie, S. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of insect immunity. Insect Physiol. Ecol. 2017, 179–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ezzati-Tabrizi, R.; Farrokhi, N.; Talaei-Hassanloui, R.; Mehdi Alavi, S.; Hosseininaveh, V. Insect inducible antimicrobial peptides and their applications. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 2013, 14, 698–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Q.; Patočka, J.; Kuča, K. Insect antimicrobial peptides, a mini review. Toxins 2018, 10, 461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langen, G.; Imani, J.; Altincicek, B.; Kieseritzky, G.; Kogel, K.H.; Vilcinskas, A. Transgenic expression of gallerimycin, a novel antifungal insect defensin from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, confers resistance to pathogenic fungi in tobacco. Biol. Chem. 2006, 387, 549–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dekkerová-Chupáčová, J.; Borghi, E.; Morace, G.; Bujdáková, H. Up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides gallerimycin and galiomicin in Galleria mellonella infected with Candida yeasts displaying different virulence traits. Mycopathologia 2018, 183, 935–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Forlani, L.; Pedrini, N.; Girotti, J.R.; Mijailovsky, S.J.; Cardozo, R.M.; Gentile, A.G.; Hernandez-Suarez, C.M.; Rabinovich, J.E.; Juarez, M.P. Biological Control of the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma infestans with the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana Combined with an Aggregation Cue: Field, Laboratory and Mathematical Modeling Assessment. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2015, 9, e0003778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, H.L.; St Leger, R.J. Insect Immunity to Entomopathogenic Fungi. Adv. Genet. 2016, 94, 251–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patocka, J. Bioactive metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana. Mil. Med. Sci. Lett. 2016, 85, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, K.; Song, Y.; Zeng, R. The role of cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification in insect adaptation to xenobiotics. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 2021, 43, 103–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nauen, R.; Bass, C.; Feyereisen, R.; Vontas, J. The Role of Cytochrome P450s in Insect Toxicology and Resistance. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2022, 67, 105–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlidi, N.; Vontas, J.; Van Leeuwen, T. The role of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in insecticide resistance in crop pests and disease vectors. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 2018, 27, 97–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, C.J.; Liu, J.-W.; Carr, P.D.; Younus, F.; Coppin, C.; Meirelles, T.; Lethier, M.; Pandey, G.; Ollis, D.L.; Russell, R.J. Structure and function of an insect α-carboxylesterase (α Esterase 7) associated with insecticide resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110, 10177–10182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dimunová, D.; Matoušková, P.; Podlipná, R.; Boušová, I.; Skálová, L. The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance. Drug Metab. Rev. 2022, 54, 282–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, C.; Chakrabarty, S.; Jin, M.; Liu, K.; Xiao, Y. Insect ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Roles in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Bt Insecticidal Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gahan, L.J.; Pauchet, Y.; Vogel, H.; Heckel, D.G. An ABC transporter mutation is correlated with insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin. PLoS Genet. 2010, 6, e1001248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, J.; Ma, Y.; Yuan, W.; Xiao, Y.; Liu, C.; Wang, J.; Peng, J.; Peng, R.; Soberon, M.; Bravo, A.; et al. FOXA transcriptional factor modulates insect susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin by regulating the expression of toxin-receptor ABCC2 and ABCC3 genes. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2017, 88, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, L.-B.; Feng, M.-G. Antioxidant enzymes and their contributions to biological control potential of fungal insect pathogens. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2018, 102, 4995–5004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, S.; Yao, Z.; Raza, M.F.; Cai, Z.; Zhang, H. Regulatory mechanisms of microbial homeostasis in insect gut. Insect Sci. 2021, 28, 286–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geng, T.; Lu, F.; Zhu, F.; Wang, S. Lineage-specific gene evolution of innate immunity in Bombyx mori to adapt to challenge by pathogens, especially entomopathogenic fungi. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 2021, 123, 104171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Younes, S.; Al-Sulaiti, A.; Nasser, E.A.A.; Najjar, H.; Kamareddine, L. Drosophila as a model organism in host–pathogen interaction studies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tawidian, P.; Rhodes, V.L.; Michel, K. Mosquito-fungus interactions and antifungal immunity. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2019, 111, 103182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Long, Y.; Gao, T.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X.; Zhou, L.; Su, Q.; Xu, L.; Yang, Y. Analysis of the humoral immunal response transcriptome of Ectropis obliqua infected by Beauveria bassiana. Insects 2022, 13, 225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, J.; Cao, J.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Li, L.; Liang, L.; Ma, X.; Han, R.; Ma, W.; Xu, L.; et al. Comparative analysis of the immune system and expression profiling of Lymantria dispar infected by Beauveria bassiana. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2022, 187, 105212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Urban, M.; Cuzick, A.; Seager, J.; Wood, V.; Rutherford, K.; Venkatesh, S.Y.; Sahu, J.; Iyer, S.V.; Khamari, L.; De Silva, N. PHI-base in 2022: A multi-species phenotype database for Pathogen–Host Interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022, 50, D837–D847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.; Kim, J.C.; Lee, S.J.; Lee, M.R.; Park, S.E.; Li, D.; Baek, S.; Shin, T.Y.; Kim, J.S. Beauveria bassiana ERL836 and JEF-007 with similar virulence show different gene expression when interacting with cuticles of western flower thrips, Frankniella occidentalis. BMC Genom. 2020, 21, 836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geng, T.; Lu, F.; Wu, H.; Lou, D.; Tu, N.; Zhu, F.; Wang, S.J.I.M.B. Target antifungal peptides of immune signalling pathways in silkworm, Bombyx mori, against Beauveria bassiana. Insect Mol. Biol. 2021, 30, 102–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Batool, R.; Umer, M.J.; Wang, Y.; He, K.; Zhang, T.; Bai, S.; Zhi, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, Z. Synergistic effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum to induce maize (Zea mays L.) defense against the asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and larval immune response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elsharkawy, M.M.; Alotibi, F.O.; Al-Askar, A.A.; Kamran, M.; Behiry, S.I.; Alasharari, S.S.; Galal, F.H.; Adnan, M.; Abdelkhalek, A. Immune responses of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus to a New Strain of Beauveria bassiana. Sustainability 2022, 14, 13002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, Z.; Cao, J.; Vlasenko, V.; Wang, X.; Li, W. Transcriptome analysis of Grapho-litha molesta (Busk) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae in response to ento-mopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 2022, 25, 101926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grabherr, M.G.; Haas, B.J.; Yassour, M.; Levin, J.Z.; Thompson, D.A.; Amit, I.; Adiconis, X.; Fan, L.; Raychowdhury, R.; Zeng, Q. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011, 29, 644–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Deng, J.; Lu, M.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, J. Comparative analysis of the immune system of an invasive bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, infected by an entomopathogenic fungus. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 2018, 88, 65–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, G.H.; Xing, L.S.; Lin, Z.; Saha, T.T.; Wang, C.; Jiang, H.; Zou, Z. High throughput profiling of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera immunotranscriptome during the fungal and bacterial infections. BMC Genom. 2015, 16, 321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Zou, W.; Yu, H.; Lin, Y.; Dai, G.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, G.; Xie, K.; Wang, J.; Shi, H. RNA Sequencing Analysis of Chicken Cecum Tissues Following Eimeria tenella Infection in Vivo. Genes 2019, 10, 420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ha, E.M.; Oh, C.T.; Ryu, J.H.; Bae, Y.S.; Kang, S.W.; Jang, I.H.; Brey, P.T.; Lee, W.J. An antioxidant system required for host protection against gut infection in Drosophila. Dev. Cell 2005, 8, 125–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schmittgen, T.D.; Livak, K.J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method. Nat. Protoc. 2008, 3, 1101–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christophides, G.K.; Zdobnov, E.; Barillas-Mury, C.; Birney, E.; Blandin, S.; Blass, C.; Brey, P.T.; Collins, F.H.; Danielli, A.; Dimopoulos, G. Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae. Science 2002, 298, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lemaitre, B.; Hoffmann, J. The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2007, 25, 697–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanaka, H.; Ishibashi, J.; Fujita, K.; Nakajima, Y.; Sagisaka, A.; Tomimoto, K.; Suzuki, N.; Yoshiyama, M.; Kaneko, Y.; Iwasaki, T.; et al. A genome-wide analysis of genes and gene families involved in innate immunity of Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2008, 38, 1087–1110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, J.; Xu, Z.; Li, L.; Ma, W.; Xu, L.; Ma, L. Temporospatial modulation of Lymantria dispar immune system against an entomopathogenic fungal infection. Pest Manag. Sci. 2020, 76, 3982–3989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lehmann, M. Endocrine and physiological regulation of neutral fat storage in Drosophila. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2018, 461, 165–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miyashita, A.; Adamo, S.A. Stayin’alive: Endocrinological stress responses in insects. In Advances in Invertebrate (neuro) Endocrinology; Apple Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 2020; pp. 283–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DAVENPORT, A.P.; EVANS, P.D. Changes in haemolymph octopamine levels associated with food deprivation in the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Physiol. Entomol. 1984, 9, 269–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunphy, G.B.; Downer, R.G. Octopamine, a modulator of the haemocytic nodulation response of non-immune Galleria mellonella larvae. J. Insect Physiol. 1994, 40, 267–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mattila, J.; Hietakangas, V. Regulation of Carbohydrate Energy Metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017, 207, 1231–1253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DiAngelo, J.R.; Bland, M.L.; Bambina, S.; Cherry, S.; Birnbaum, M.J. The immune response attenuates growth and nutrient storage in Drosophila by reducing insulin signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 20853–20858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loch, G.; Jentgens, E.; Bülow, M.; Zinke, I.; Mori, T.; Suzuki, S.; Takeyama, H.; Hoch, M. Metabolism and innate immunity: FOXO regulation of antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. In Innate immunity: Resistance and Disease-Promoting Principles; Karger Publishers: Basel, Switzerland, 2013; Volume 4, pp. 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, D.; Geng, T.; Hou, C.; Huang, Y.; Qin, G.; Guo, X. Bombyx mori cecropin A has a high antifungal activity to entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Gene 2016, 583, 29–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ding, J.L.; Hou, J.; Feng, M.G.; Ying, S.H. Transcriptomic analyses reveal comprehensive responses of insect hemocytes to mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana, and fungal virulence-related cell wall protein assists pathogen to evade host cellular defense. Virulence 2020, 11, 1352–1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xia, L.; Liu, Z.; Ma, J.; Sun, S.; Yang, J.; Zhang, F. Expression, purification and characterization of cecropin antibacterial peptide from Bombyx mori in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr. Purif. 2013, 90, 47–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.; Geng, T.; Hou, C.; Lv, D.; Qin, G.; Gao, K.; Guo, X. Expression patterns of antimicrobial peptide gene enbocin1 in Bombyx mori induced by Beauveria bassiana and its antifungal activity. J. Sci. Seric 2016, 42, 619–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, A.; Wang, Y.; Shao, Y.; Zhou, Q.; Chen, S.; Wu, Y.; Chen, H.; Liu, E. Genes involved in Beauveria bassiana infection to Galleria mellonella. Arch. Microbiol. 2018, 200, 541–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wojda, I. Immunity of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Insect Sci. 2017, 24, 342–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, T.; Jaffar, S.; Xu, Y.; Qi, Y. The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douglas, A.E. The molecular basis of bacterial–insect symbiosis. J. Mol. Biol. 2014, 426, 3830–3837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sajjadian, S.M.; Kim, Y. Dual Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Against Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Suppression by Eicosanoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gene Groups | Gene Families | Processing Method | Total Number of Genes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Starvation | Starvation + Bb SBM-03 | |||||||
Up. | Inv. | Down. | Up. | Inv. | Down. | |||
Detoxification enzymes | Cytochrome P450s (P450s) | 46 | 5 | 59 | 56 | 19 | 35 | 110 |
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) | 13 | 2 | 17 | 13 | 5 | 14 | 32 | |
ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs) | 23 | 5 | 39 | 44 | 18 | 5 | 67 | |
Carboxylesterases (CarbEs) | 12 | 0 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 24 | |
UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
Protective enzymes | Superoxide dismutases (SODs) | 10 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 15 |
Catalases (CATs) | 4 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 11 | |
Peroxidases (PODs) | 6 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 16 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Guo, H.; Jia, N.; Chen, H.; Xie, D.; Chi, D. Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptome Response of Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana under Short-Term Starvation. Insects 2023, 14, 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050409
Guo H, Jia N, Chen H, Xie D, Chi D. Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptome Response of Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana under Short-Term Starvation. Insects. 2023; 14(5):409. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050409
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Hongru, Niya Jia, Huanwen Chen, Dan Xie, and Defu Chi. 2023. "Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptome Response of Dioryctria sylvestrella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae Infected with Beauveria bassiana under Short-Term Starvation" Insects 14, no. 5: 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050409