Vermicompost Amendments Disrupt Feeding Behavior of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Boost Activities of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Pathway-Related Enzymes in Citrus
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Vermicompost and Soil
2.2. Plants and Insects
2.3. Feeding Behavior of D. citri
2.4. Activity of Key Enzymes in the SA and JA Defense Pathway
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feeding Behavior of D. citri
3.2. Activities of SA and JA Pathway-Related Enzymes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EPG Variables | Control | 20% Vermicompost | 40% Vermicompost | 60% Vermicompost | F | df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Np | 1.25 ± 0.18 a | 1.33 ± 0.26 a | 1.33 ± 0.33 a | 1.17 ± 0.11 a | 0.12 | 44 | 0.95 |
C | 6.20 ± 1.63 a | 3.33 ± 0.65 a | 3.33 ± 0.50 a | 3.25 ± 0.79 a | 2.20 | 44 | 0.10 |
D | 5.25 ± 1.32 a | 2.50 ± 0.57 a | 2.58 ± 0.53 a | 2.500 ± 0.73 a | 2.58 | 44 | 0.07 |
E1 | 5.25 ± 1.32 a | 2.50 ± 0.57 a | 2.58 ± 0.53 a | 2.500 ± 0.73 a | 2.58 | 44 | 0.07 |
E2 | 2.8 ± 0.55 a | 1.75 ± 0.43 a | 1.83 ± 0.51 a | 1.50 ± 0.20 a | 1.53 | 44 | 0.22 |
E2 > 10 min | 1.67 ± 0.28 a | 1.33 ± 0.19 ab | 0.83 ± 0.21 b | 0.75 ± 0.13 b | 4.25 | 44 | 0.01 |
G | 0 a | 0.17 ± 0.112 a | 0 a | 0 a | 2.20 | 44 | 0.10 |
EPG Variables (min) | Control | 20% Vermicompost | 40% Vermicompost | 60% Vermicompost | F | df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Np | 17.78 ± 10.92 | 4.86 ± 1.899 a | 2.60 ± 0.83 a | 1.92 ± 0.75 a | 1.78 | 44 | 0.17 |
C | 314.31 ± 34.41 b | 349.08 ± 23.80 b | 432.44 ± 9.70 a | 451.37 ± 4.26 a | 9.26 | 44 | <0.001 |
D | 4.57 ± 1.32 a | 2.76 ± 1.01 a | 2.43 ± 0.61 a | 2.66 ± 0.66 a | 1.09 | 44 | 0.36 |
E1 | 5.23 ± 1.26 a | 5.80 ± 2.43 a | 2.21 ± 0.53 a | 3.25 ± 1.31 a | 1.19 | 44 | 0.33 |
E2 | 138.12 ± 29.17 a | 116.11 ± 20.46 a | 40.32 ± 9.75 b | 20.41 ± 3.63 b | 9.48 | 44 | <0.001 |
E2 > 10 min | 133.53 ± 30.21 a | 115.11 ± 20.46 a | 52.44 ± 9.83 ab | 24.31 ± 3.24 b | 5.53 | 37 | 0.003 |
G | NA | 8.43 ± 0.55 | NA | NA | - | - | - |
EPG Variables (min) | Control | 20% Vermicompost | 40% Vermicompost | 60% Vermicompost | F | df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time to first probe from start of recording | 10. 50 ± 5.47 a | 14.86 ± 10.98 a | 2.10 ± 0.76 a | 1.66 ± 0.71 a | 1.11 | 44 | 0.36 |
Minimum duration of C before first E1 | 112.34 ± 21.58 b | 135.77 ± 32.21 ab | 150.60 ± 26.50 ab | 257.61 ± 40.18 a | 4.33 | 44 | 0.01 |
First E1 from start of recording | 130.75 ± 21.76 b | 152.87 ± 31.13 ab | 151.33 ± 26.49 ab | 259.11 ± 40.33 a | 3.56 | 44 | 0.02 |
First E2 from start of recording | 138.36 ± 23.30 b | 154.12 ± 31.11 ab | 171.66 ± 31.73 ab | 270.01 ± 38.22 a | 3.53 | 44 | 0.02 |
Average duration of E2 | 84.17 ± 29.07 b | 82.46 ± 17.08 ab | 30.46 ± 9.46 ab | 18.83 ± 4.04 a | 3.92 | 44 | 0.01 |
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Tao, T.; Wang, Z.; Mao, R.; Hussain, M.; Arthurs, S.P.; Ye, F.; An, X.; Gao, J. Vermicompost Amendments Disrupt Feeding Behavior of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Boost Activities of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Pathway-Related Enzymes in Citrus. Insects 2023, 14, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050410
Tao T, Wang Z, Mao R, Hussain M, Arthurs SP, Ye F, An X, Gao J. Vermicompost Amendments Disrupt Feeding Behavior of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Boost Activities of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Pathway-Related Enzymes in Citrus. Insects. 2023; 14(5):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050410
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao, Tonglai, Zhaohong Wang, Runqian Mao, Mubasher Hussain, Steven P. Arthurs, Fengxian Ye, Xincheng An, and Jing Gao. 2023. "Vermicompost Amendments Disrupt Feeding Behavior of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Boost Activities of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Pathway-Related Enzymes in Citrus" Insects 14, no. 5: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050410