Signal and Nutritional Effects of Mixed Diets on Reproduction of a Predatory Ladybird, Cheilomenes propinqua
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Experimental Design
- Not developed (oocytes are not visible; follicles are absent; no or hardly any constrictions of ovarioles);
- Poorly developed (follicles are few and small; ovarioles are somewhat constricted around the follicles);
- Moderately developed (follicles are of medium size and become vitellinized; ovarioles are markedly swollen; the largest oocyte is filled with whitish yolk);
- Fully developed (follicles are vitellinized; mature oocytes are present; the largest oocyte reached the maximum size).
- Not developed (practically inconspicuous);
- Poorly developed (composed of small scattered globules interspersed around the internal organs);
- Moderately developed (internal organs are partially hidden by the fat body composed of well-formed globules);
- Fully developed (internal organs are completely hidden by the fat body composed of well-formed globules and interconnected stringy lobes).
- Reproductively active (ovaries are fully developed).
- Intermediate (ovaries are moderately developed);
- Diapausing (ovaries are not or poorly developed; the fat body is moderately or fully developed);
- Underdeveloped (both ovaries and fat body are not or poorly developed).
- The duration of the pre-oviposition period (from adult emergence to the first oviposition, only for females that laid eggs);
- Total fecundity (the number of eggs laid during the observation period);
- Oviposition intensity (the mean number of eggs laid daily calculated for the period from the onset of egg-laying to the end of observation);
- The degree of ovaries development at dissection;
- The degree of fat body development at dissection;
- The reproductive state at dissection;
- The signs of resorption at dissection;
- The size of the largest follicle at dissection (for reproductively active females);
- The onset of egg-laying (yes or no).
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reproduction Parameters
3.2. Dissection Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters and Sample Size | Factors | ||
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Diet (the Number of Aphids per Day) | The Age at Dissection (Days) | ||
Survival (%, n = 782) 1 | c = 0.034, p = 0.076 | – 3 | |
The onset of egg-laying (yes or no, n = 765) 1 | c = 0.016, p < 0.001 | c = 0.062, p < 0.001 | |
For females that laid eggs | Pre-oviposition period (days, n = 584) 2 | c = −0.064, p = 0.321 | c = 3.531, p < 0.001 |
Total fecundity (eggs, n = 584) 2 | c = 3.329, p < 0.001 | c = 9.543, p < 0.001 | |
Egg-laying intensity (eggs/day, n = 584) 2 | c = 4.190, p < 0.001 | c = −2.722, p = 0.002 | |
For all females | Total fecundity (eggs, n = 765) 2 | c = 9.0489, p < 0.001 | c = 13.247, p < 0.001 |
Egg-laying intensity (eggs/day, n = 765) 2 | c = 4.859, p < 0.001 | c = 4.379, p < 0.001 |
Reproduction Parameter | Diet (the Number of Aphids Offered Daily) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 10 | 50 | |
Egg-laying females (%) | 58.6 ± 4.4 a | 67.4 ± 4.0 b | 81.43 ± 3.9 c | 85.6 ± 4.9 c |
The mean pre-oviposition period (days) | 8.7 ± 0.3 a | 9.4 ± 0.4 a | 8.4 ± 0.2 a | 7.9 ± 0.2 a |
The mean total fecundity calculated for egg-laying females (eggs/female) | 71.1 ± 7.2 a | 47.5 ± 5.1 a | 123.0 ± 9.1 b | 271.1 ± 17.8 c |
Oviposition intensity calculated for egg-laying females (eggs/female/day) | 7.0 ± 0.6 a | 5.5 ± 0.4 a | 11.4 ± 0.6 b | 22.9 ± 1.0 c |
The mean total fecundity calculated for all females (eggs/female) | 44.5 ± 5.1 a | 33.9 ± 4.0 a | 102.6 ± 8.3 b | 237.8 ± 16.9 c |
Oviposition intensity calculated for all females (eggs/female/day) | 4.4 ± 0.4 a | 3.9 ± 0.4 a | 9.5 ± 0.6 b | 20.1 ± 1.0 c |
Reproductively active females (%) | 51.9 ± 3.9 a | 67.9 ± 4.2 b | 85.9 ± 3.0 c | 93.1 ± 3.1 d |
Females in the intermediate state (%) | 9.1 ± 2.2 ab | 12.9. ± 2.9 a | 7.1 ± 1.8 ab | 4.6 ± 1.6 b |
Diapausing females (%) | 35.6 ± 3.3 a | 15.9 ± 2.6 b | 6.4 ± 1.9 c | 2.2 ± 1.0 c |
Underdeveloped females (%) | 3.3 ± 1.5 a | 3.2 ± 1.5 a | 0.6 ± 0.6 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a |
Females with egg resorption (%) | 23.2 ± 4.1 a | 19.3 ± 3.2 a | 6.1 ± 1.9 b | 1.1 ± 0.8 b |
The size of the largest follicle (mm3) | 0.117 ± 0.004 a | 0.125 ± 0.003 a | 0.147 ± 0.002 ab | 0.160 ± 0.002 b |
Females with moderately or fully developed fat body (%) | 46.8 ± 3.7 a | 25.5 ± 2.3 b | 9.0 ± 2.4 c | 3.0 ± 1.1 d |
Parameters | Factors | ||
---|---|---|---|
Diet (the Number of Aphids per Day) | The Age at Dissection (Days) | ||
Reproductive state at dissection (n = 765) | Reproductively active 1 | c = 0.026, p < 0.001 | c = 0.038, p < 0.001 |
Intermediate 1 | c = −0.011, p = 0.007 | c = −0.032, p = 0.001 | |
Diapausing 1 | c = −0.028, p < 0.001 | c = −0.020, p = 0.018 | |
Underdeveloped 1 | c = −0.077, p = 0.059 | c = −0.056, p = 0.011 | |
Resorption 1 | c = −0.032, p < 0.001 | c = 0.041, p < 0.001 | |
Follicle size (mm3) 2 | c = 3.522, p < 0.001 | c = 0.597, p = 0.523 | |
Fat body development (n = 765) 1 | c = −0.031, p < 0.001 | c = −0.014, p = 0.070 |
Correlation between Degrees of Development of Ovaries and Fat Body | Diet (the Number of Aphids Provided Daily) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 10 | 50 | |
Spearman rank correlation coefficient, ρ | ρ = −0.763 | ρ = −0.688 | ρ = −0.731 | ρ = −0.634 |
Chi-square χ2, sample size n, and significance p | χ2 = 148.4, n = 192, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 110.5, n = 185, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 175.7, n = 193, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 188.7, n = 195, p < 0.001 |
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Ovchinnikov, A.N.; Ovchinnikova, A.A.; Reznik, S.Y.; Belyakova, N.A. Signal and Nutritional Effects of Mixed Diets on Reproduction of a Predatory Ladybird, Cheilomenes propinqua. Insects 2023, 14, 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070587
Ovchinnikov AN, Ovchinnikova AA, Reznik SY, Belyakova NA. Signal and Nutritional Effects of Mixed Diets on Reproduction of a Predatory Ladybird, Cheilomenes propinqua. Insects. 2023; 14(7):587. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070587
Chicago/Turabian StyleOvchinnikov, Andrey N., Antonina A. Ovchinnikova, Sergey Y. Reznik, and Natalia A. Belyakova. 2023. "Signal and Nutritional Effects of Mixed Diets on Reproduction of a Predatory Ladybird, Cheilomenes propinqua" Insects 14, no. 7: 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070587