Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens from Wild Pigs in Northern and Central Florida
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tick Collection
2.2. Pathogen Screening
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Tick Collection
3.2. Pathogen Screening
3.3. Statistical Analyses
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Total | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amblyomma americanum | 1117 | 436 | 453 | 60 | 168 |
Amblyomma maculatum | 32 | 2 | 5 | 25 | 0 |
Dermacentor variabilis | 149 | 80 | 41 | 19 | 9 |
Ixodes scapularis | 79 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 15 |
Ixodes sp. | 38 | 1 | 0 | 28 | 9 |
Total ticks | 1415 | 519 | 499 | 196 | 201 |
Total pigs sampled | 157 | 49 | 37 | 41 | 30 |
Partial RDA—Partitioning of Variance | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edge Density 1 km | Number of Patches 1 km | Percent Landcover 1 km | ||||
Inertia | Proportion | Inertia | Proportion | Inertia | Proportion | |
Conditioned | 0.056 | 0.128 | 0.056 | 0.128 | 0.056 | 0.128 |
Constrained | 0.025 | 0.056 | 0.022 | 0.052 | 0.035 | 0.081 |
Unconstrained | 0.354 | 0.815 | 0.356 | 0.819 | 0.343 | 0.791 |
F = 2.06, df = 5149, p = 0.014 Adjusted R2 = 0.029 | F = 1.90, df = 5149, p = 0.021 Adjusted R2 = 0.025 | F = 3.05, df = 5149, p < 0.001 Adjusted R2 = 0.055 |
Landscape Metric | Intercept | Dev. Open Space | Decid. Forest | Mixed Forest | Shrub/Scrub | Grassland | df | Log(Lᵢ) * | AIC | ∆AIC † | AICw ‡ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edge Density | 1.391 | X § | X | X | 0.012437 | −0.00929 | 6 | −231.695 | 475.389 | 0.000 | 0.205 |
Percent Landcover | 1.424 | X | X | X | 0.034478 | −0.01278 | 6 | −231.714 | 475.428 | 0.000 | 0.325 |
Edge Density | 1.289 | X | X | 0.007797 | 0.013215 | −0.00883 | 7 | −230.919 | 475.839 | 0.450 | 0.164 |
Edge Density | 1.181 | 0.003159 | X | 0.009587 | 0.013057 | −0.00833 | 8 | −230.223 | 476.446 | 1.057 | 0.121 |
Edge Density | 1.331 | 0.002213 | X | X | 0.012201 | −0.00901 | 7 | −231.337 | 476.674 | 1.285 | 0.108 |
Percent Landcover | 1.388 | 0.007351 | X | X | 0.034619 | −0.01269 | 7 | −231.526 | 477.052 | 1.624 | 0.144 |
Edge Density | 1.392 | X | −0.00218 | X | 0.012857 | −0.00935 | 7 | −231.661 | 477.321 | 1.932 | 0.078 |
Percent Landcover | 1.406 | X | X | 0.010425 | 0.034777 | −0.01258 | 7 | −231.678 | 477.357 | 1.928 | 0.124 |
Patch Number | 1.316 | NA | NA | NA | 0.021892 | NA | 5 | −236.504 | 483.008 | 0.000 | 0.106 |
Patch Number | 1.465 | X | 0.019994 | X | X | X | 5 | −236.650 | 483.301 | 0.293 | 0.092 |
Landscape Metric | Intercept | Dev. Open Space | Decid. Forest | Mixed Forest | Shrub/Scrub | Grassland | df | Log(Lᵢ) | AIC | ∆AIC | AICw |
Patch Number | 1.111 | 0.009235 | X | 0.023128 | 0.025415 | −0.00999 | 8 | −233.907 | 483.815 | 0.807 | 0.071 |
Patch Number | 1.247 | 0.005662 | X | X | 0.021306 | X | 6 | −235.920 | 483.840 | 0.831 | 0.070 |
Patch Number | 1.114 | 0.009175 | 0.008612 | 0.018955 | 0.016897 | X | 8 | −233.990 | 483.979 | 0.971 | 0.065 |
Patch Number | 1.279 | 0.0095 | 0.017761 | 0.014107 | X | X | 7 | −235.089 | 484.179 | 1.170 | 0.059 |
Patch Number | 1.346 | X | X | X | 0.026004 | −0.01029 | 6 | −236.131 | 484.262 | 1.254 | 0.057 |
Patch Number | 1.262 | X | X | 0.015632 | 0.026143 | −0.00981 | 7 | −235.300 | 484.599 | 1.591 | 0.048 |
Patch Number | 1.265 | X | 0.008696 | 0.011459 | 0.017647 | X | 7 | −235.363 | 484.725 | 1.717 | 0.045 |
Model Type and Variables | Estimate | Std. Error | Z-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Edge Density | ||||
Intercept | 1.391 | 0.123 | 11.308 | <0.001 |
Shrub/Scrub | 0.012 | 0.003 | 3.779 | <0.001 |
Herbaceous grassland | −0.009 | 0.004 | −2.403 | 0.016 |
Number of Patches | ||||
Intercept | 1.316 | 0.138 | 9.526 | <0.001 |
Shrub/Scrub | 0.022 | 0.010 | 2.248 | 0.025 |
Percent Landcover | ||||
Intercept | 1.417 | 0.126 | 11.223 | <0.001 |
Shrub/Scrub | 0.056 | 0.025 | 2.225 | 0.024 |
I Shrub/Scrub2 | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.786 | 0.432 |
Herbaceous grassland | −0.035 | 0.019 | −1.952 | 0.051 |
I Herbaceous grassland2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.230 | 0.219 |
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Mays Maestas, S.E.; Campbell, L.P.; Milleson, M.P.; Reeves, L.E.; Kaufman, P.E.; Wisely, S.M. Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens from Wild Pigs in Northern and Central Florida. Insects 2023, 14, 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070612
Mays Maestas SE, Campbell LP, Milleson MP, Reeves LE, Kaufman PE, Wisely SM. Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens from Wild Pigs in Northern and Central Florida. Insects. 2023; 14(7):612. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070612
Chicago/Turabian StyleMays Maestas, Sarah E., Lindsay P. Campbell, Michael P. Milleson, Lawrence E. Reeves, Phillip E. Kaufman, and Samantha M. Wisely. 2023. "Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens from Wild Pigs in Northern and Central Florida" Insects 14, no. 7: 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070612