Essential Oils and Their Components Control Behaviour of Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Larvae
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Essential Oils and Chemicals of and Identification of Individual Components
2.3. GC-MS Analysis and Compound Identification
2.4. Behavioural Test
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Movement of Mealworm Larva in the Arena
3.2. Effect of Essential Oils
3.3. Chemical Composition of EOs
3.4. Effect of Single Compounds
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Distance Moved (d) | Time Spent (t) | (d + t)/2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO | Sd/Cd | Effect | St/Ct | Effect | (Sd/Cd + St/Ct)/2 | Effect |
Cymbopogon flexuosus | 6.47 * | Average | 4.87 * | Low | 5.67 | Low |
Thymus vulgaris | 5.29 * | Low | 4.99 * | Low | 5.14 | Low |
Levandula hybrida | 5.15 * | Low | 6.35 * | Average | 5.75 | Low |
Eugenia caryophyllus | 12.76 * | High | 10.85 * | Average | 11.80 | Average |
Mentha spicata | 17.24 * | High | 15.47 * | High | 16.36 | High |
Eucalyptus globulus | 2.23 * | Low | 1.84 | No | 2.04 | Low |
No | Compound Name | RIExp/RILit | Thymus EO % | Spearmint EO % | Lavandin EO % | Clove EO % | Eucalyptus EO % | Lemongrass EO % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | α-Pinene | 939/939 | 0.95 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 5.22 | 0.12 | |
2 | Sabinene | 975/975 | 2.84 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.09 | ||
3 | Myrcene | 990/990 | 3.75 | 0.83 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.04 | |
4 | α-Terpinene | 1017/1018 | 2.89 | 0.16 | ||||
5 | para-Cymene | 1024/1024 | 6.00 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.72 | 0.01 | |
6 | Limonene | 1030/1029 | 1.95 | 11.31 | 0.50 | 0.16 | tr. | 0.24 |
7 | 1.8-Cineole | 1031/1031 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 4.15 | 86.56 | ||
8 | γ-Terpinene | 1059/1059 | 6.52 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 3.97 | ||
9 | cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1071/1070 | 36.55 | 0.40 | ||||
10 | Allyl hexanoate | 1080/1079 | 1.28 | |||||
11 | Terpinolene | 1088/1088 | 1.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
12 | Linalool | 1096 | tr. | 0.07 | 27.88 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.18 |
13 | trans-Sabinene hydrate | 1098/1099 | 5.74 | |||||
14 | Camphor | 1145/1146 | 0.15 | 8.31 | ||||
15 | cis-Isocitral | 1165/1164 | 1.04 | |||||
16 | Borneol | 1169/1169 | 0.13 | 2.39 | 0.4 | |||
17 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1177/1177 | 13.08 | 0.63 | 2.59 | 0.25 | ||
18 | trans-Isocitral | 1179/1180 | 1.87 | |||||
19 | α-Terpineol | 1188/1188 | 2.36 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 0.19 | ||
20 | cis-Dihydro carvone | 1193/1192 | 0.14 | 1.05 | ||||
21 | Neral | 1239/1238 | 0.03 | 30.48 | ||||
22 | Carvone | 1242/1243 | 0.07 | 78.01 | 0.03 | |||
23 | Linalyl acetate | 1252/1257 | 0.26 | 39.78 | 0.01 | |||
24 | Geraniol | 1257/1257 | 0.18 | 6.31 | ||||
25 | Geranial | 1268/1268 | 0.04 | 42.07 | ||||
26 | Lavandulyl acetate | 1289/1290 | 3.28 | |||||
27 | Thymol | 1290/1290 | 7.42 | |||||
28 | Eugenol | 1359/1359 | 75.86 | 0.04 | ||||
29 | Geranyl acetate | 1380/1379 | 0.58 | 4.08 | ||||
30 | β-Bourbonene | 1388/1388 | 0.03 | 1.56 | 0.03 | 0.01 | ||
31 | trans-Caryophyllene | 1420/1419 | 2.26 | 0.80 | 1.77 | 9.84 | tr. | 1.51 |
33 | α-Humulene | 1454/1454 | 0.07 | 1.09 | 0.16 | |||
34 | γ-Cadinene | 1512/1513 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 1.52 | |||
35 | Eugenol acetate | 1520/1521 | 11.64 |
Distance Moved (d) | Time Spent (t) | (d + t)/2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical Compound | Dose (mM) | Cd/Sd | Effect | Ct/St | Effect | ((Cd/Sd) + (Ct/St))/2 | Effect |
Carvone | 0.01 | 1.47 | No | 1.54 | No | 1.51 | Low |
0.1 | 1.76 * | Low | 2.18 | No | 1.97 | Low | |
1 | 5.02 * | High | 3.62 * | Average | 4.32 | High | |
Limonene | 0.01 | 0.85 | No | 0.77 | No | 0.81 | No |
0.1 | 1.17 | No | 1.29 | No | 1.23 | No | |
1 | 1.24 | No | 1.55 | No | 1.40 | No | |
Myrcene | 0.01 | 0.98 | No | 1.21 | No | 1.10 | No |
0.1 | 1.09 | No | 1.31 | No | 1.20 | No | |
1 | 0.97 | No | 0.92 | No | 0.95 | No | |
γ-Terpinene | 0.01 | 1.13 | No | 1.18 | No | 1.155 | No |
0.1 | 1.25 | No | 1.37 | No | 1.31 | No | |
1 | 0.93 | No | 1.04 | No | 0.985 | No | |
cis-Sabinene hydrate | 0.01 | 1.37 | No | 1.83 | No | 1.6 | No |
0.1 | 1.30 | No | 1.34 | No | 1.32 | No | |
1 | 1.92 * | Low | 1.46 | No | 1.69 | Low | |
4-Terpineol | 0.01 | 1.81 * | Low | 2.82 | No | 2.32 | Low |
0.1 | 3.60 * | Average | 4.21 * | High | 3.91 | Average | |
1 | 2.06 * | Average | 3.61 * | Average | 2.84 | Average |
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Bumbulytė, G.; Būdienė, J.; Būda, V. Essential Oils and Their Components Control Behaviour of Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Larvae. Insects 2023, 14, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070636
Bumbulytė G, Būdienė J, Būda V. Essential Oils and Their Components Control Behaviour of Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Larvae. Insects. 2023; 14(7):636. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070636
Chicago/Turabian StyleBumbulytė, Gabrielė, Jurga Būdienė, and Vincas Būda. 2023. "Essential Oils and Their Components Control Behaviour of Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Larvae" Insects 14, no. 7: 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14070636