Spatial Patterns of Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Eastern Hemlock Stands: Implications for Sampling and Management
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study 1: Determining Optimal Sampling Unit for A. tsugae Ovisac Sampling
2.1.1. Study Sites
2.1.2. Sampling
2.1.3. Characterizing the Within-Tree Distribution of A. tsugae
2.1.4. Characterizing the Within-Branch Distribution of A. tsugae
2.1.5. Determining Sampling Units for A. tsugae Ovisacs
2.1.6. Estimating Within-Branch Abundance of A. tsugae Ovisacs
2.2. Study 2: Determining Spatial Distribution Patterns of A. tsugae Ovisac
2.2.1. Study Sites and Sampling A. tsugae and Environmental Factors
2.2.2. Characterizing Spatial Distribution Patterns of A. tsugae
2.2.3. Spatial Associations between Generations of A. tsugae
2.2.4. Spatial Association of A. tsugae Ovisacs with Environmental Factors
3. Results
3.1. Study 1: Determining Optimal Sampling Unit for A. tsugae Ovisac Sampling
3.1.1. Within-Tree Distribution of A. tsugae Ovisacs
3.1.2. Within-Branch Distribution of A. tsugae Ovisac
3.1.3. Determination of Optimal Sampling Unit
3.1.4. Estimating Within-Branch Abundance of A. tsugae Ovisacs for the Recommended Sampling Unit
3.2. Study 2: Determining Spatial Distribution Patterns of A. tsugae Ovisac
3.2.1. Population Dynamics A. tsugae Ovisacs
3.2.2. Spatial Distribution Patterns of A. tsugae
3.2.3. Spatial Associations between Generations of A. tsugae
3.2.4. Spatial Association of A. tsugae Ovisacs with Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Study 1: Determining Optimal Sampling Unit for A. tsugae Ovisac Sampling
4.2. Study 2: Determining Optimal Sampling Unit for A. tsugae Ovisac Sampling
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites and Sample Variables | Length of Sampled Branch | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100-cm Branch | Whole Branch | |||||
F | df | p | F | df | p | |
Cathedral State Park | ||||||
Cardinal direction | ||||||
No. of ovisacs per branch | 1.51 | 3, 236 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 3, 236 | 0.97 |
Density of ovisacs per branch | 1.06 | 3, 236 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 3, 236 | 0.98 |
Branch height | ||||||
No. of ovisacs per branch | 6.95 | 5, 234 | <0.01 | 1.35 | 5, 234 | 0.25 |
Density of ovisacs per branch | 6.60 | 5, 234 | <0.01 | 2.84 | 5, 234 | 0.02 |
Blackwater Falls State Park | ||||||
Cardinal direction | ||||||
No. of ovisacs per branch | 0.32 | 3, 620 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 3, 620 | 0.99 |
Density of ovisacs per branch | 0.14 | 3, 620 | 0.94 | 0.13 | 3, 620 | 0.94 |
Branch height | ||||||
No. of ovisacs per branch | 17.01 | 5, 618 | <0.01 | 24.71 | 5, 618 | <0.01 |
Density of ovisacs per branch | 14.10 | 5, 618 | <0.01 | 41.67 | 5, 618 | <0.01 |
Buchanan State Forest | ||||||
Cardinal direction | ||||||
No. of ovisacs per branch | 0.61 | 3, 236 | 0.61 | 1.39 | 3, 236 | 0.25 |
Density of ovisacs per branch | 0.94 | 3, 236 | 0.42 | 0.61 | 3, 236 | 0.61 |
Branch height | ||||||
No. of ovisacs per branch | 2.84 | 5, 234 | 0.02 | 1.65 | 5, 234 | 0.15 |
Density of ovisacs per branch | 2.94 | 5, 234 | 0.02 | 13.33 | 5, 234 | <0.01 |
Location of Sampled Branch | Study Site | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cathedral State Park | Blackwater Falls State Park | Buchanan State Forest | |
Upper crown | 3.27 (0.01) | 7.05 (0.01) | 1.35 (0.03) |
Middle crown | 4.11 (0.01) | 10.88 (0.01) | 1.22 (0.13) |
Lower crown | 1.92 (0.01) | 2.02(0.01) | 1.40 (0.06) |
Site | Crown Location | Branch Length a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
25 cm | 50 cm | 100 cm | ||
Cathedral State Park | Lower crown, bottom half | 1.82 | 1.75 | 2.03 |
Lower crown, top half | 1.17 | 1.64 | 2.36 | |
Middle crown, bottom half | 1.49 | 1.57 | 1.62 | |
Middle crown, top half | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.11 | |
Upper crown, bottom half | 1.00 | 1.17 | 1.12 | |
Upper crown, top half | 1.12 | 0.95 | 0.93 | |
Blackwater Falls State Park | Lower crown, bottom half | 1.47 | 1.30 | 1.22 |
Lower crown, top half | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.16 | |
Middle crown, bottom half | 1.48 | 1.32 | 1.21 | |
Middle crown, top half | 1.24 | 1.17 | 1.22 | |
Upper crown, bottom half | 1.21 | 1.23 | 1.23 | |
Upper crown, top half | 1.29 | 1.37 | 1.38 | |
Buchanan State Forest | Lower crown, bottom half | 1.28 | 1.01 | 1.03 |
Lower crown, top half | 1.77 | 1.34 | 1.27 | |
Middle crown, bottom half | 2.01 | 1.78 | 1.51 | |
Middle crown, top half | 1.40 | 1.49 | 1.44 | |
Upper crown, bottom half | 1.22 | 1.09 | 1.24 | |
Upper crown, top half | 1.35 | 1.16 | 1.34 |
Site | A. tsugae Generation and Year | Density a | Model | Nugget | Sill | Range (m) | r2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blackwater Falls State Park | Sistens, 2012 b | 156.8 | Nugget | 9257 | 9257 | N/A c | <0.01 |
Progrediens, 2013 b | 35.2 | Nugget | 3681 | 3681 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Sistens, 2013 b | 14.8 | Nugget | 638.6 | 638.6 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Progrediens, 2014 b | 7.0 | Nugget | 42.3 | 42.3 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Cathedral State Park | Sistens, 2012 b | 68.0 | Nugget | 26431 | 26,431 | N/A | <0.01 |
Progrediens, 2013 | 74.0 | Nugget | 1.930 | 1.930 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Sistens, 2013 b | 34.2 | Nugget | 3982 | 3982 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Progrediens, 2014 b | 6.4 | Nugget | 81.93 | 81.93 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Buchannan State Forest | Sistens, 2012 b | 98.7 | Spherical | 4500 | 19,680 | 41.3 | 0.897 |
Progrediens, 2013 b | 32.8 | Nugget | 2848 | 2848 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Sistens, 2013 b | 45.3 | Nugget | 4601 | 4601 | N/A | <0.01 | |
Progrediens, 2014 | 34.7 | Nugget | 3824.7 | 3827.7 | N/A | <0.01 |
Study Site | A. tsugae Generation and Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sistens, 2012 | Progrediens, 2013 | Sistens, 2013 | Progrediens, 2014 | Pooled | |
Blackwater Falls State Park | 1.35 (0.03) | 1.49 (0.01) | 1.73 (0.01) | 1.91 (0.01) | 1.56 (0.01) |
Cathedral State Park | 1.55 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.46) | 1.32 (0.04) | 1.61 (0.01) | 1.35 (0.03) |
Buchanan State Forest | 2.59 (0.01) | 2.33 (0.01) | 2.61 (0.01) | 0.95 (0.46) | 2.97 (0.01) |
Study Site | A. tsugae Generations Compared | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sistens, 2012 vs. Progrediens, 2013 | Sistens, 2013 vs. Progrediens, 2013 | Sistens, 2013 vs. Progrediens, 2014 | |
Blackwater Falls State Park | −0.09 (0.79) | 0.36 (< 0.01) | −0.02 (0.59) |
Cathedral State Park | 0.06 (0.28) | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.11) |
Buchanan State Forest | 0.36 (<0.01) | 0.49 (<0.01) | 0.18 (0.04) |
Study Site | A. tsugae Generation and Year | DBH a | Tree Height | Basal Area | Diversity b | Elevation | Aspect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blackwater Falls State Park | Sistens, 2012 | −0.03 (0.61) | 0.05 (0.30) | 0.02 (0.41) | 0.09 (0.19) | 0.28 (<0.01) | 0.14 (0.09) |
Progrediens, 2013 | −0.11 (0.85) | 0.22 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.66) | −0.28 (0.99) | |
Sistens, 2013 | −0.18 (0.96) | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.47) | 0.32 (<0.01) | −0.03 (0.62) | −0.08 (0.74) | |
Progrediens, 2014 | −0.01 (0.52) | −0.02 (0.56) | −0.25 (0.99) | −0.24 (0.99) | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.72 (<0.01) | |
Cathedral State Park | Sistens, 2012 | 0.29 (<0.01) | 0.25 (<0.01) | −0.07 (0.77) | −0.37 (1.00) | 0.18 (0.04) | 0.46 (<0.01) |
Progrediens, 2013 | −0.07 (0.76) | 0.01 (0.47) | 0.08 (0.21) | −0.03 (0.61) | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.29 (0.01) | |
Sistens, 2013 | 0.30 (<0.01) | 0.34 (<0.01) | 0.12 (0.13) | −0.27 (0.99) | 0.07 (0.24) | 0.18 (0.05) | |
Progrediens, 2014 | 0.35 (<0.01) | 0.31 (<0.01) | 0.05 (0.68) | −0.05 (0.67) | 0.05 (0.31) | 0.37 (<0.01) | |
Buchanan State Forest | Sistens, 2012 | 0.28 (<0.01) | 0.21 (0.01) | −0.11 (0.85) | 0.21 (0.02) | - | - |
Progrediens, 2013 | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.08 (0.20) | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.35 (< 0.01) | - | - | |
Sistens, 2013 | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.19) | - | - | |
Progrediens, 2014 | −0.03 (0.63) | −0.10 (0.84) | −0.18 (0.93) | −0.03 (0.61) | - | - |
Site | Sampling Unit | CV Value |
---|---|---|
Cathedral State Park | Current | 1.85 |
As suggested by this study | 1.14 | |
Blackwater Falls State Park | Current | 1.17 |
As suggested by this study | 1.17 | |
Buchanan State Forest | Current | 1.03 |
As suggested by this study | 1.01 |
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Baek, S.; Park, Y.-L. Spatial Patterns of Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Eastern Hemlock Stands: Implications for Sampling and Management. Insects 2024, 15, 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100751
Baek S, Park Y-L. Spatial Patterns of Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Eastern Hemlock Stands: Implications for Sampling and Management. Insects. 2024; 15(10):751. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100751
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek, Sunghoon, and Yong-Lak Park. 2024. "Spatial Patterns of Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Eastern Hemlock Stands: Implications for Sampling and Management" Insects 15, no. 10: 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100751