Armoured Lepidopteran Caterpillars Preserved in Non-Fossil Resins and What They Tell Us about the Fossil Preservation of Caterpillars
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- (1)
- Sub-fossil bones. For example, Holocene (the current geological epoch, starting ca. 11,700 years ago [1]) skulls of lemurs have been reported by Albrecht et al. [2] and dated to about 8245–1000 years before the present (see discussion in Albrecht et al. [2] (their p. 10)). These specimens differ from fossils in their mineralogy.
- (2)
- Sub-fossil shells. For example, the shells of mussels described by Hjort & Funder [3]. These specimens, like the sub-fossil bones, are also from the Holocene, dating between 8500–5000 years before the present, and have different mineralogical properties than fossil shells.
- (3)
- Sub-fossil plant remains. These can also be potentially differentiated from fossils by mineralogy. Yet, in some types of preservation other than petrification, such as charcoal formations [4], mineralogy does not play a major role. Hence, in some cases, age seems to be an important factor for characterising a sub-fossil. Examples of plant remains considered sub-fossils range from 6660–530 years before the present [4] (their p. 70), or even 7100–130 years before the present [5] (their Table 1, p. 298).
- (4)
- Sub-fossil traces. For the interpretation of 9000–8000 years old mammalian tracks as sub-fossils, age was considered to be the main factor [6].
- (5)
- Cuticle remains (specifically from representatives of Euarthropoda). Many organisms have cuticles that withstand relatively long time periods. Sub-fossil cuticle remains are known from different animals, including, for example, cladoceran crustaceans (water fleas) [7,8,9] and larvae of non-biting midges (Chironomidae) [10]. In many cases, the age of such remains, usually retrieved from lake sediments, is unknown or not reported. However, in a study involving the cuticle remains of larvae of non-biting midges, sub-fossils dating from 320 years before the present down to 10,000 years before the present were reported [11] (their table 2 p. 3347).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.3. Basic Approach
3. Results
- (1)
- Rosenkjaer [29] reported possible larval cases of caterpillars from Denmark. The specimens have been discussed again by Henriksen [30]. Both references were not available in the original version but are cited indirectly from Sohn et al. [31]. Apparently, there were no figures associated with the reports. Sohn et al. [31] (their p. 35) stated that they “may represent the larval cases”. Hence, this stands a possible case, yet clearly an indirect one, as larval cases are often not easy to interpret. There is no additional information on the preservation given besides that the apparently isolated cases (likely not in resin) were found in unconsolidated sediments.
- (2)
- (3)
- Keble [33] reported two caterpillars that had been replaced by fungus (his p. 49), representing “mummies” of the original morphology (Figure 1A,B). The specimens were depicted in Gill [34] (his p. 88 pl. III) and, in more detail, in Simonsen et al. [35] (p. 14, Figure 7). These “mummies” were not encased in resin.
- (4)
- (5)
- (6)
- The second specimen newly reported from a non-fossil resin from Brazil (CEMHS-D0054; Figure 4) is preserved in quite clear resin, but the piece has numerous cracks. The specimen is only visible in the dorsal view. The specimen seems fully preserved, but not many details are visible due to the brittle state of the resin (Figure 4A). The specimen is roughly 7.2 mm long. The head appears intact, but no details are visible. The trunk is differentiated into segments, but differentiation of the thorax and abdomen is difficult, since no ventral structures, especially legs, are available. The specimen has at least 13 major body units: the head, possibly 11 trunk segments, and the trunk end.
4. Discussion
4.1. Systematic Affinity of the Specimens
4.2. The Lack of an Upper Boundary for the Fossil Record
4.3. Why These Specimens Are Still Informative
4.4. Show More Non-Fossil Resins, Please!
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M.; Delclòs, X.; Engel, M.S.; Peñalver, E. A revised definition for copal and its significance for palaeontological and Anthropocene biodiversity-loss studies. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 19904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Albrecht, G.H.; Jenkins, P.D.; Godfrey, L.R. Ecogeographic size variation among the living and subfossil prosimians of Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 1990, 22, 1–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hjort, C.; Funder, S. The subfossil occurrence of Mytilus edulis L. in central East Greenland. Boreas 1974, 3, 23–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molloy, B.P.; Burrows, C.J.; Cox, J.E.; Johnston, J.A.; Wardle, P. Distribution of subfossil forest remains, eastern South Island, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Bot. 1963, 1, 68–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eronen, M.; Huttunen, P. Radiocarbon-dated subfossil pines from Finnish Lapland. Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr. 1987, 69, 297–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, J.R. Subfossil mammalian tracks (Flandrian) in the Severn Estuary, SW Britain: Mechanics of formation, preservation and distribution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 1997, 352, 481–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szeroczyfiska, K.; Sarmaja-Korjonen, K. Atlas of Subfossil Cladocera from Central and Northern Europe; Friends of the Lower Vistula Society: Świecie, Poland, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Berta, C.; Tóthmérész, B.; Wojewódka, M.; Augustyniuk, O.; Korponai, J.; Bertalan-Balázs, B.; Nagy, A.S.; Grigorsky, I.; Gyulai, I. Community response of Cladocera to trophic stress by biomanipulation in a shallow oxbow lake. Water 2019, 11, 929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wojewódka, M.; Sinev, A.Y.; Zawisza, E. A guide to the identification of subfossil non-chydorid Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from lake sediments of Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: Part I. J. Paleolimnol. 2020, 63, 269–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rieradevall, M.; Brooks, S.J. An identification guide to subfossil Tanypodinae larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chrironomidae) based on cephalic setation. J. Paleolimnol. 2001, 25, 81–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Axford, Y.; Miller, G.H.; Geirsdóttir, Á.; Langdon, P.G. Holocene temperature history of northern Iceland inferred from subfossil midges. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26, 3344–3358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Briggs, D.E.G. Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles: Selective preservation and diagenesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 1999, 354, 7–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harding, J.P. A rare estuarine copepod crustacean, Enhydrosoma garienis, found in the Holocene of Kent. Nature 1956, 178, 1127–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, C.; Haug, J.T.; Fayers, S.R.; Trewin, N.H.; Castellani, C.; Waloszek, D.; Maas, A. Exceptionally preserved nauplius larvae from the Devonian Windyfield chert, Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Palaeont. Electr. 2012, 15, 24A. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Braun, A. Vorkommen, Untersuchungsmethoden und Bedeutung tierischer Cuticulae in kohligen Sedimentgesteinen des Devons und Karbons. Palaeontogr. Abt. A 1997, 245, 83–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Selden, P.A.; Huys, R.; Stephenson, M.H.; Heward, A.P.; Taylor, P.N. Crustaceans from bitumen clast in Carboniferous glacial diamictite extend fossil record of copepods. Nat. Commun. 2010, 1, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harvey, T.H.; Vélez, M.I.; Butterfield, N.J. Exceptionally preserved crustaceans from western Canada reveal a cryptic Cambrian radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 1589–1594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haug, C.; Wagner, P.; Haug, J.T. The evolutionary history of body organisation in the lineage towards modern scorpions. Bull. Geosci. 2019, 94, 389–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwartz, G.T.; Samonds, K.E.; Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Simons, E.L. Dental microstructure and life history in subfossil Malagasy lemurs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 6124–6129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hörnschemeyer, T.; Wedmann, S.; Poinar, G. How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2010, 158, 300–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Penney, D. Sub/fossil resin research in the 21st century: Trends and perspectives. PalZ 2016, 90, 425–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delclòs, X.; Peñalver, E.; Ranaivosoa, V.; Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M. Unravelling the mystery of “Madagascar copal”: Age, origin and preservation of a Recent resin. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0232623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vávra, N. Amber, fossil resins, and copal–Contributions to the terminology of fossil plant resins. Denisia 2009, 26, 213–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, J.T.; Haug, C. A 100 million-year-old armoured caterpillar supports the early diversification of moths and butterflies. Gondwana Res. 2021, 93, 101–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, J.T.; Haug, C.; Wang, Y.; Baranov, V.A. The fossil record of lepidopteran caterpillars in Dominican and Mexican amber. Lethaia 2022, 55, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, C.; Shannon, K.R.; Nyborg, T.; Vega, F.J. Isolated mantis shrimp dactyli from the Pliocene of North Carolina and their bearing on the history of Stomatopoda. Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex. 2013, 65, 273–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, J.T.; Müller, P.; Haug, C. The ride of the parasite: A 100-million-year old mantis lacewing larva captured while mounting its spider host. Zool. Lett. 2018, 4, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, J.T.; Haug, C. Beetle larvae with unusually large terminal ends and a fossil that beats them all (Scraptiidae, Coleoptera). PeerJ 2019, 7, e7871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenkjaer, H.N. Fra det Underjordiske København. Geologiske og Historiske Undersøgelser; Det Schønbergske Forlag: København, Denmark, 1906. [Google Scholar]
- Henriksen, K.L. Undersøgelser over Danmark-Skånes kvartaere Insektfauna. Vidensk. Meddel. Natuirist. Foren. 1933, 96, 77–355. [Google Scholar]
- Sohn, J.C.; Labandeira, C.C.; Davis, D.R.; Mitter, C. An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world. Zootaxa 2012, 3286, 1–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Evers, J. Copal-Schmetterlinge. In Entomologisches Jahrbuch; Verlag von Frankenstein & Wagner: Frankfurt, Germany, 1907; pp. 129–132. [Google Scholar]
- Keble, R.A. Notes on Australian Quaternary climates and migration. Mem. Mus. Vic. 1947, 15, 28–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gill, E.D. Fossil insects, centipede and spider. Vic. Nat. 1955, 72, 87–92. [Google Scholar]
- Simonsen, T.J.; Wagner, D.L.; Heikkilä, M. Ghosts from the past: A review of fossil Hepialoidea (Lepidoptera). PeerJ 2019, 7, e7982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lemdahl, G. Late Glacial and Early Holocene insect assemblages from sites at different altitudes in the Swiss Alps—Implications on climate and environment. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2000, 159, 293–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dixon, W.N.; Foltz, J.L. Caterpillars That Are Not the Gypsy Moth Caterpillar; Some Forest Lepidoptera in Florida (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae), Entomology Circular; Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry: Gainesville, FL, USA, 1991; Volume 270, p. 2.
- Miller, J.C.; Hammond, P.C. Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest: Caterpillars and Adults; Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: Morganton, WV, USA, 2003. [CrossRef]
- Rab Green, S.B.; Gentry, G.L.; Greeney, H.F.; Dyer, L.A. Ecology, natural history, and larval descriptions of Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) from a cloud forest in the Eastern Andes of Ecuador. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2011, 104, 1135–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deml, R.; Dettner, K. Chemical defence of emperor moths and tussock moths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae, Lymantriidae). Entomol. Gen. 1997, 21, 225–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossler, E.W. Caterpillars and moths: Part I. Dermatologic manifestations of encounters with Lepidoptera. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2010, 62, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krüger, M. Composition and origin of the Lepidoptera faunas of southern Africa, Madagascar and Réunion (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Ann. Transvaal Mus. 2007, 44, 123–178. [Google Scholar]
- Barsics, F.; Razafimanantsoa, T.M.; Minet, J.; Haubruge, É.; Verheggen, F. Nocturnal moth inventory in Malagasy tapia woods, with focus on silk-producing species. In Les Vers à Soie Malgaches. Enjeux Écologiques et Socio-Économiques, 1st ed.; Verheggen, F., Bogaert, J., Haubruge, E., Eds.; Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux: Gembloux, Belgium, 2013; pp. 77–89. [Google Scholar]
- Wiorek, M.; Malik, K.; Lees, D.; Przybyłowicz, Ł. Malagasy Polka Dot Moths (Noctuoidea: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini) of Ambohitantely-endemism in the most important relict of Central Plateau rainforest in Madagascar. PeerJ 2021, 9, e11688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meneses, A.; Bevilaqua, M.; Hamada, N.; Querino, R. The aquatic habit and host plants of Parades klagesi (Rothschild) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) in Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 2013, 57, 350–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veland, S.; Lynch, A.H. Scaling the Anthropocene: How the stories we tell matter. Geoforum 2016, 72, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waters, C.N.; Zalasiewicz, J.; Summerhayes, C.; Barnosky, A.D.; Poirier, C.; Gałuszka, A.; Cearreta, A.; Edgeworth, M.; Ellis, E.C.; Ellis, M.; et al. The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science 2016, 351, 6269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malhi, Y. The concept of the Anthropocene. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2017, 42, 77–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pillans, B.; Gibbard, P. Chapter 30—The quaternary period. In The Geologic Time Scale 2012; Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., Ogg, G.M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012; pp. 979–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, J.T.; Haug, C. Species, populations and morphotypes through time—Challenges and possible concepts. BSGF Earth Sci. Bull. 2017, 188, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gauweiler, J.; Haug, C.; Müller, P.; Haug, J.T. Lepidopteran caterpillars in the Cretaceous: Were they a good food source for early birds? Palaeodiversity 2022, 15, 45–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, C.; Haug, J.T.; Haug, G.T.; Müller, P.; Zippel, A.; Kiesmüller, C.; Gauweiler, J.; Hörnig, M.K. Fossils in Myanmar amber demonstrate the diversity of anti-predator strategies of Cretaceous holometabolan insect larvae. iScience 2024, 27, 108621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janzen, J.W. Arthropods in Baltic Amber; Ampyx-Verlag: Halle, Germany, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Weitschat, W.; Wichard, W. Atlas of Plants and Animals in Baltic Amber; Pfeil Verlag: München, Germany, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Perkovsky, E.E.; Zosimovich, V.Y.; Vlaskin, A.P. A Rovno amber fauna: A preliminary report. Acta Zool. Cracov. 2003, 46, 423–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M.S. Evolution of the Insects; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ross, A. Amber: The Natural Time Capsule; The Natural History Museum: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Sobczyk, T.; Kobbert, M.J. Die Psychidae des baltischen Bernsteins. Nota Lepidopterol. 2009, 32, 13–22. [Google Scholar]
- Weitschat, W.; Berning, B.; Podenas, S. Jäger, Gejagte, Parasiten und Blinde Passagiere–Momentaufnahmen aus dem Bernsteinwald. Denisia 2009, 26, 243–256. [Google Scholar]
- Gröhn, C. Einschlüsse im Baltischen Bernstein; Wachholtz Verlag-Murmann Publishers: Kiel, Germany, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Gröhn, C.; Hornemann, M.; Joger, U.; Koch, A.; Kosma, R.; Krüger, F.J.; Vahldisk, B.-W.; Wilde, V.; Zellmer, H. Zeitkapsel Bernstein—Lebewesen Vergangener Welten; Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil: München, Germany, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Heikkilä, M.; Simonsen, T.J.; Solis, M.A. Reassessment of known fossil Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of the oldest fossil pyraloid and a crambid larva in Baltic amber. Zootaxa 2018, 4483, 101–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer, T.C.; Michalski, A.; Hausmann, A. Geometrid caterpillar in Eocene Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 17201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poinar, G.; Vega, F.E. Poisonous setae on a Baltic amber caterpillar. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 2019, 51, 37–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amaral, A.P.; Gombos, D.; Haug, G.T.; Haug, C.; Gauweiler, J.; Hörnig, M.K.; Haug, J.T. Expanding the fossil record of soldier fly larvae—An important component of the Cretaceous amber forest. Diversity 2023, 15, 247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-de la Fuente, R.; Engel, M.S.; Delclòs, X.; Penalver, E. Straight-jawed lacewing larvae (Neuroptera) from Lower Cretaceous Spanish amber, with an account on the known amber diversity of neuropterid immatures. Cretac. Res. 2020, 106, 104200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, C.; Haug, G.T.; Baranov, V.A.; Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M.; Haug, J.T. An owlfly larva preserved in Mexican amber and the Miocene record of lacewing larvae. Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex. 2021, 73, A271220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, C.; Braig, F.; Haug, J.T. Quantitative analysis of lacewing larvae over more than 100 million years reveals a complex pattern of loss of morphological diversity. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 6127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szpila, K.; van de Kamp, T.; Sontag, E.; Krzemiński, W.; Kopeć, K.; Soszyńska, A. The hidden world of fossil larvae: Description and morphological insights of an immature scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) from the Baltic amber. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2024, zlae009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-de la Fuente, R.; Delclòs, X.; Peñalver, E.; Speranza, M.; Wierzchos, J.; Ascaso, C.; Engel, M.S. Early evolution and ecology of camouflage in insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 21414–21419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-de la Fuente, R.; Delclos, X.; Penalver, E.; Engel, M.S. A defensive behavior and plant-insect interaction in Early Cretaceous amber–the case of the immature lacewing Hallucinochrysa diogenesi. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 2016, 45, 133–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-de la Fuente, R.; Peñalver, E.; Azar, D.; Engel, M.S. A soil-carrying lacewing larva in Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 16663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pérez-de la Fuente, R.; Engel, M.S.; Azar, D.; Peñalver, E. The hatching mechanism of 130-million-year-old insects: An association of neonates, egg shells and egg bursters in Lebanese amber. Palaeontology 2019, 62, 547–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Xia, F.; Engel, M.S.; Perrichot, V.; Shi, G.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Jarzembowski, E.A.; Wappler, T.; Rust, J. Debris-carrying camouflage among diverse lineages of Cretaceous insects. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1501918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Badano, D.; Engel, M.S.; Basso, A.; Wang, B.; Cerretti, P. Diverse Cretaceous larvae reveal the evolutionary and behavioural history of antlions and lacewings. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 3257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haug, J.T.; Linhart, S.; Haug, G.T.; Gröhn, C.; Hoffeins, C.; Hoffeins, H.-W.; Müller, P.; Weiterschan, T.; Wunderlich, J.; Haug, C. The diversity of aphidlion-like larvae over the last 130 million years. Insects 2022, 13, 336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haug, J.T.; Tun, K.L.; Haug, G.T.; Than, K.N.; Haug, C.; Hörnig, M.K. A hatching aphidlion-like lacewing larva in 100 million years old Kachin amber. Insect Sci. 2023, 30, 880–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haug, G.T.; Haug, C.; Pazinato, P.G.; Braig, F.; Perrichot, V.; Gröhn, C.; Müller, P.; Haug, J.T. The decline of silky lacewings and morphological diversity of long-nosed antlion larvae through time. Palaeont. Electr. 2020, 23, a39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luo, C.; Liu, H.; Jarzembowski, E.A. High morphological disparity of neuropteran larvae during the Cretaceous revealed by a new large species. Geol. Mag. 2022, 159, 954–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, C.; Baranov, V.A.; Hörnig, M.K.; Gauweiler, J.; Hammel, J.U.; Perkovsky, E.E.; Haug, J.T. 35 million-year-old solid-wood-borer beetle larvae support the idea of stressed Eocene amber forests. Palaeobiodivers. Palaeoenviron. 2023, 103, 521–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, R.J.C. Secrets of a Lost World, Dominican Amber and Its Inclusions; Self Published: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Poinar Jr, G.; Poinar, R. Fossil evidence of insect pathogens. J. Invert. Pathol. 2005, 89, 243–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poinar Jr, G.; Kevan, P.G.; Jackes, B.R. Fossil species in Boehmerieae (Urticaceae) in Dominican and Mexican amber: A new genus (Ekrixanthera) and two new species with anemophilous pollination by explosive pollen release, and possible lepidopteran herbivory. Botany 2016, 94, 599–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solis, M.A.; Léger, T.; Neumann, C. First pyraloid (Insecta, Lepidoptera) caterpillar from Dominican amber. Nota Lepidopterol. 2023, 46, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeVries, P.J.; Poinar, G.O. Ancient butterfly-ant symbiosis: Direct evidence from Dominican amber. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 1997, 264, 1137–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poinar, G.O.; Poinar, R. The Amber Forest: A Reconstruction of a Vanished World; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poinar Jr, G. Palaeoecological perspectives in Dominican amber. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 2010, 46, 23–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poinar, G.; Hammond, P.C. A larval brush-footed butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Dominican amber, with a summary of fossil Nymphalidae. Insect Syst. Evol. 1998, 29, 275–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baranov, V.; Hoffeins, C.; Hoffeins, H.W.; Haug, J.T. More than dead males: Reconstructing the ontogenetic series of terrestrial non-biting midges from the Eocene amber forest. Bull. Geosci. 2019, 94, 187–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baranov, V.A.; Schädel, M.; Haug, J.T. Fly palaeo-evo-devo: Immature stages of bibionomorphan dipterans in Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kobbert, M.J. Wunderwelt Bernstein: Faszinierende Fossilien in 3-D; WBG: Darmstadt, Germany, 2013. [Google Scholar]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gauweiler, J.; Amaral, A.P.; Haug, C.; Haug, J.T. Armoured Lepidopteran Caterpillars Preserved in Non-Fossil Resins and What They Tell Us about the Fossil Preservation of Caterpillars. Insects 2024, 15, 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060380
Gauweiler J, Amaral AP, Haug C, Haug JT. Armoured Lepidopteran Caterpillars Preserved in Non-Fossil Resins and What They Tell Us about the Fossil Preservation of Caterpillars. Insects. 2024; 15(6):380. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060380
Chicago/Turabian StyleGauweiler, Joshua, André P. Amaral, Carolin Haug, and Joachim T. Haug. 2024. "Armoured Lepidopteran Caterpillars Preserved in Non-Fossil Resins and What They Tell Us about the Fossil Preservation of Caterpillars" Insects 15, no. 6: 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060380