Extrinsic and Intrinsic Competition between Chouioa cunea Yang and Tetrastichus septentrionalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Two Pupal Parasitoids of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Rearing
2.2. Extrinsic Competition: The Order of and Time Intervals between Parasitism by Two Pupal Parasitoids
2.3. Intrinsic Competition: The Order of and Time Intervals between Parasitism by Two Pupal Parasitoids
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of Extrinsic Competition: The Order of and Time Intervals between Parasitism by Two Pupal Parasitoids
3.2. Results of Intrinsic Competition: The Order of and Time Intervals between Parasitism by Two Pupal Parasitoids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | n | Mortality (%) | Parasitism (%) | Host Emergence (%) | Percentage of Adult Emergence (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. cunea | T. septentrionalis | |||||
Only Cc | 25 | 20 | 48 | 32 | 100 | - |
Only Ts | 25 | 20 | 64 | 16 | - | 100 |
Ts-Cc 0 h | 25 | 12 | 68 | 20 | 47.06 | 52.94 |
Ts-Cc 24 h | 25 | 12 | 72 | 16 | 33.33 | 66.67 |
Ts-Cc 48 h | 25 | 12 | 72 | 16 | 33.33 | 66.67 |
Ts-Cc 72 h | 25 | 16 | 84 | 0 | 14.3 | 85.7 |
Cc-Ts 24 h | 25 | 8 | 76 | 16 | 78.95 | 21.05 |
Cc-Ts 48 h | 25 | 24 | 64 | 12 | 81.25 | 18.75 |
Cc-Ts 72 h | 25 | 28 | 60 | 12 | 80 | 20 |
Ts and Cc | 175 | 16 | 70.96 | 13.14 | 50.81 | 49.19 |
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Li, Z.; Yang, L.; Ma, X.; Liu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Sun, S. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Competition between Chouioa cunea Yang and Tetrastichus septentrionalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Two Pupal Parasitoids of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Insects 2024, 15, 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080617
Li Z, Yang L, Ma X, Liu X, Cheng Y, Sun S. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Competition between Chouioa cunea Yang and Tetrastichus septentrionalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Two Pupal Parasitoids of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Insects. 2024; 15(8):617. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080617
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhixin, Liyuan Yang, Xi Ma, Xudan Liu, Yiran Cheng, and Shouhui Sun. 2024. "Extrinsic and Intrinsic Competition between Chouioa cunea Yang and Tetrastichus septentrionalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Two Pupal Parasitoids of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)" Insects 15, no. 8: 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080617