Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Antagonistic and Mutualistic Interactions among Seed Predator Arthropods, Seed-Dispersing Birds, and the Spanish Juniper
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Natural History of the System
2.2. Study Areas
2.3. Variation in Plant, Cone, and Seed Traits
2.4. Variation in Cone Damage by Arthropods
2.5. Variation in Seed Dispersal by Birds
2.6. Numerical Analyses
2.6.1. Spatial and Temporal Variation
2.6.2. Interactions among Plants, Arthropods, and Birds
3. Results
3.1. Crop Size and Cone Traits
3.2. Cone Damage by Arthropods
3.3. Seed Dispersal by Birds
3.4. Variation in the Interactions among Plants, Arthropods and Birds
4. Discussion
4.1. Variation in Plant Traits and Interacting Animal Species
4.2. Spatiotemporal Variation in Plant–Animal Interactions
4.3. Interactions among Antagonistic and Mutualistic Animals
4.4. Outcomes of Antagonistic and Mutualistic Interactions on Spanish Juniper
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | Year | Pulp Mass (g) | No. Seeds per Cone |
---|---|---|---|
Sigueruelo | 2007 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 3.24 ± 0.08 |
Judes | 2007 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 3.08 ± 0.09 |
Buenache | 2007 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 3.02 ± 0.10 |
2008 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 3.44 ± 0.10 | |
2010 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 3.82 ± 0.09 |
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Mezquida, E.T.; Olano, J.M. Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Antagonistic and Mutualistic Interactions among Seed Predator Arthropods, Seed-Dispersing Birds, and the Spanish Juniper. Insects 2024, 15, 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080620
Mezquida ET, Olano JM. Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Antagonistic and Mutualistic Interactions among Seed Predator Arthropods, Seed-Dispersing Birds, and the Spanish Juniper. Insects. 2024; 15(8):620. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080620
Chicago/Turabian StyleMezquida, Eduardo T., and José Miguel Olano. 2024. "Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Antagonistic and Mutualistic Interactions among Seed Predator Arthropods, Seed-Dispersing Birds, and the Spanish Juniper" Insects 15, no. 8: 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080620