Use of Wing Geometric Morphometric Analysis and mtDNA to Identify Africanization of Apis mellifera in the Central Highlands of Ecuador
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Geometric and Morphometric Qualities
2.3. Mitochondrial DNA
2.4. DNA Amplification
2.5. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Known Classification | N (Wings) | A. m. carnica (%) | A. m. ligustica (%) | A. m. mellifera (%) | A. m. scutellata (%) | AB* (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. m. carnica | 50 | 90 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. m. ligustica | 50 | 10 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A. m. mellifera | 50 | 0 | 2 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
A. m. scutellata | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 6 |
AB* | 750 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 90.2 |
Morphotype (%) | Altitudinal Floors (m.a.s.l.) | ||
---|---|---|---|
2600–2800 | 2801–3000 | 3001–3274 | |
n = 15 | n = 35 | n = 25 | |
Africanized | 95.8 | 93 | 90 |
European | 4.2 | 7 | 10 |
Apiary | Bee | Identity (%) | Haplotype | Lineage |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 1 | 99.87 | A26a | A |
A2 | 2 | 99.87 | A26c | A |
A3 | 3 | 99.6 | A30 | A |
A4 | 4 | 100 | A30 | A |
A5 | 5 | 99.49 | A26c | A |
A6 | 6 | 99.70 | A26c | A |
A7 | 7 | 96.83 | A1q | A |
A8 | 8 | 99.87 | A26c | A |
A9 | 9 | 99.83 | A1e | A |
A10 | 10 | 100 | A1e | A |
A11 | 11 | 96.14 | A26a | A |
A12 | 12 | 99.66 | A1e | A |
A13 | 13 | 100 | A26 | A |
A14 | 14 | 100 | A1e | A |
A15 | 15 | 94.14 | Seq1 | A |
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Masaquiza, D.; Rodríguez, L.C.; Zapata, J.; Monar, J.; Vaca, M.; Porrini, L.; Eguaras, M.; Daniele, M.; Romero, D.; Arenal, A. Use of Wing Geometric Morphometric Analysis and mtDNA to Identify Africanization of Apis mellifera in the Central Highlands of Ecuador. Insects 2024, 15, 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080628
Masaquiza D, Rodríguez LC, Zapata J, Monar J, Vaca M, Porrini L, Eguaras M, Daniele M, Romero D, Arenal A. Use of Wing Geometric Morphometric Analysis and mtDNA to Identify Africanization of Apis mellifera in the Central Highlands of Ecuador. Insects. 2024; 15(8):628. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080628
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasaquiza, Diego, Lino Curbelo Rodríguez, José Zapata, Joffre Monar, Maritza Vaca, Leonardo Porrini, Martin Eguaras, Martin Daniele, Dora Romero, and Amilcar Arenal. 2024. "Use of Wing Geometric Morphometric Analysis and mtDNA to Identify Africanization of Apis mellifera in the Central Highlands of Ecuador" Insects 15, no. 8: 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080628