Use of Periplaneta americana as a Soybean Meal Substitute: A Step towards Sustainable Transformative Poultry Feeds
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Birds and Housing Conditions
2.3. Formulation of Feeds
2.4. Growth Performances
2.5. Slaughtering
2.6. Hematology and Serum Bio-Chemistry
2.7. Gut Histology
2.8. Meat Quality
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performances
3.2. Hematology
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
3.3. Serum Bio-Chemistry
3.4. Gut Histology
3.5. Meat Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Performances
4.2. Hematology
4.3. Serum Bio-Chemistry
4.4. Gut Histology
4.5. Meat Quality
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient Composition (%) | H. illucens | P. americana |
---|---|---|
Dry matter (as such basis) | 91.00 | 92.00 |
Crude protein | 42.00 | 40.40 |
Crude fat | 32.60 | 11.02 |
Ash | 10.70 | 6.78 |
Crude fiber | 9.40 | 6.08 |
Nitrogen-free extract | 5.30 | 29.72 |
Calcium | 2.10 | 1.29 |
Phosphorus (available) | 0.94 | 0.52 |
Energy Content (kcal/kg) | H. illucens | P. americana |
Gross energy | 5010 | 4250 |
Metabolizable energy a | 1464 | 1239 |
Essential amino acids (%) | H. illucens | P. americana |
Arginine | 2.26 | 5.36 |
Lysine | 3.13 | 8.20 |
Methionine | 1.22 | 2.37 |
Threonine | 1.88 | 3.53 |
Leucine | 3.11 | 7.86 |
Isoleucine | 2.54 | 4.02 |
Valine | 3.08 | 4.21 |
Dispensable Amino Acids (%) | H. illucens | P. americana |
Cysteine | 0.40 | 3.65 |
Tryptophan | 0.27 | 1.66 |
Glycine | 3.06 | 3.43 |
Glutamic acid | 11.32 | 12.07 |
Proline | 2.89 | 2.50 |
Tyrosine | 3.31 | 3.31 |
Phenylalanine | 4.32 | 3.47 |
Starter Meals | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients (%) | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Corn grain | 51.17 | 51.93 | 54.35 | 55.57 | 51.92 | 54.10 | 54.80 |
Wheat bran | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Rice polishing | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 |
Soybean oil | 4.00 | 3.00 | 1.80 | 0.80 | 3.00 | 2.00 | 2.40 |
Soybean meal | 28.50 | 25.00 | 21.00 | 17.00 | 25.00 | 21.00 | 17.00 |
Fish meal | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
HI meals | - | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | - | - | - |
PA meals | - | - | - | - | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 |
L-Lysine HCl | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DL-Methionine | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
Common salt | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Limestone | 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.35 | 1.16 | 1.55 | 1.50 | 1.40 |
Micro Min Premix a | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Vitamin Premix a | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Nutrient composition, % | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Dry matter | 89.40 | 89.40 | 89.50 | 89.40 | 89.40 | 89.50 | 89.40 |
Crude protein | 23.00 | 23.03 | 23.00 | 22.98 | 23.03 | 23.00 | 23.02 |
Ether extract | 6.65 | 6.72 | 6.80 | 6.86 | 6.62 | 6.70 | 6.76 |
Crude fiber | 4.06 | 4.22 | 4.27 | 4.36 | 4.22 | 4.27 | 4.26 |
Ash | 3.62 | 3.85 | 3.96 | 3.80 | 3.85 | 3.96 | 3.80 |
Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) b | 61.00 | 60.98 | 60.84 | 60.94 | 60.98 | 60.84 | 60.94 |
Calcium | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Phosphorus (available) c | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 |
Lysine | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.33 |
Methionine | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
Threonine | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Valine | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.04 |
Arginine | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.40 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.40 |
Leucine | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.44 | 1.45 | 1.46 | 1.44 | 1.45 |
Isoleucine | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.89 |
Energy content (kcal/kg) | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Gross Energy d | 4606 | 4593 | 4598 | 4604 | 4593 | 4598 | 4604 |
Metabolizable Energy e | 2980 | 2978 | 2973 | 2974 | 2978 | 2973 | 2974 |
Grower Meals | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients (%) | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Corn grain | 51.17 | 51.93 | 54.35 | 55.57 | 55.00 | 56.10 | 57.20 |
Wheat bran | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 |
Rice polishing | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
Soybean oil | 4.00 | 3.00 | 1.80 | 0.80 | 3.30 | 3.00 | 2.80 |
Soybean meal | 28.50 | 25.00 | 21.00 | 17.00 | 22.00 | 18.30 | 14.50 |
Fish meal | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
HI meals | - | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | - | - | - |
PA meals | - | - | - | - | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 |
L-Lysine HCl | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
DL-Methionine | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.05 | - | - |
Common salt | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Limestone | 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.35 | 1.16 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 1.10 |
Micro Min Premix a | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Vitamin Premix a | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Nutrient composition, % | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Dry matter | 89.40 | 89.40 | 89.50 | 89.40 | 89.30 | 89.50 | 89.40 |
Crude protein | 23.00 | 23.03 | 23.00 | 22.98 | 21.50 | 21.51 | 21.50 |
Ether extract | 6.65 | 6.72 | 6.80 | 6.86 | 7.08 | 7.10 | 7.09 |
Crude fiber | 4.06 | 4.22 | 4.27 | 4.36 | 4.18 | 4.27 | 4.31 |
Ash | 3.62 | 3.85 | 3.96 | 3.80 | 3.55 | 3.68 | 3.81 |
Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) b | 61.00 | 60.98 | 60.84 | 60.94 | 62.20 | 61.89 | 61.13 |
Calcium | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
Phosphorus (available) c | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
Lysine | 1.32 | 1.32 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 |
Methionine | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 |
Threonine | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
Valine | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
Arginine | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.40 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.27 |
Leucine | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.44 | 1.45 | 1.30 | 1.31 | 1.30 |
Isoleucine | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
Energy content (kcal/kg) | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Gross Energy d | 4606 | 4593 | 4598 | 4604 | 4659 | 4664 | 4671 |
Metabolizable Energy e | 2980 | 2978 | 2973 | 2974 | 3049 | 3048 | 3051 |
Finisher Meals | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients (%) | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Corn grain | 57.27 | 58.65 | 61.00 | 63.24 | 58.17 | 59.47 | 60.85 |
Wheat bran | 5.00 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 |
Rice polishing | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
Soybean oil | 5.50 | 4.30 | 3.20 | 2.00 | 4.80 | 4.40 | 4.10 |
Soybean meal | 22.50 | 18.50 | 14.50 | 10.70 | 18.50 | 14.50 | 10.70 |
Fish meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 |
HI meals | - | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | - | - | - |
PA meals | - | - | - | - | 4.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 |
L-Lysine HCl | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - |
DL-Methionine | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.03 | - |
Common salt | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Limestone | 1.15 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 1.05 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
Micro Min Premix a | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Vitamin Premix a | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Nutrient composition, % | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Dry matter | 89.40 | 89.30 | 89.60 | 89.50 | 89.30 | 89.60 | 89.50 |
Crude protein | 19.52 | 19.53 | 19.51 | 19.52 | 19.53 | 29.51 | 19.52 |
Ether extract | 8.06 | 8.08 | 8.11 | 8.13 | 8.08 | 8.11 | 8.10 |
Crude fiber | 3.99 | 4.04 | 4.08 | 4.10 | 4.04 | 4.08 | 4.10 |
Ash | 3.44 | 3.54 | 3.53 | 3.57 | 3.54 | 3.53 | 3.57 |
NFE b | 63.82 | 63.69 | 63.50 | 63.40 | 63.69 | 63.50 | 63.43 |
Calcium | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.66 |
Phosphorus (available) c | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
Lysine | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.08 |
Methionine | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 |
Threonine | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 |
Valine | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.85 |
Arginine | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.18 |
Leucine | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.20 |
Isoleucine | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.75 |
Energy content (kcal/kg) | Control | HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 |
Gross Energy d | 4733 | 4728 | 4719 | 4713 | 4728 | 4719 | 4713 |
Metabolizable Energy e | 3124 | 3112 | 3105 | 3102 | 3112 | 3105 | 3102 |
Items | Control | Hermetia illucens | Periplaneta americana | SEM | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 | ANOVA | HI Lin. | HI Quad. | PA Lin. | PA Quad. | |||
Live weight, g | |||||||||||||
DOC | 40.18 | 40.06 | 39.95 | 40.06 | 40.02 | 40.03 | 40.08 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.51 | 0.634 | 0.752 |
10 d | 247.3 bc | 257.5 abc | 236.39 c | 306.17 ab | 265.67 abc | 294.52 abc | 318.83 a | 3.47 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.943 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
24 d | 1022.67 f | 1076.5 e | 1133.33 c | 1216.67 a | 1111.5 d | 1172.83 b | 1205.67 a | 14.58 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
35 d | 1990.3 d | 2012.27 cd | 2120.8 b | 2126.3 ab | 2038.3 c | 2105.4 b | 2159.67 a | 14.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Daily weight gain, g | |||||||||||||
1–10 d | 22.98 f | 24.72 e | 26.58 d | 30.62 b | 25.76 ab | 29.44 c | 31.88 a | 0.66 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
11–24 d | 55.38 f | 58.50 e | 63.38 bc | 64.07 ab | 60.41 d | 62.75 c | 65.05 a | 0.72 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.025 | <0.001 | 0.046 |
25–35 d | 82.66 e | 85.07 d | 86.73 c | 89.78 a | 84.26 d | 84.78 d | 87.96 b | 0.51 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
1–35 d | 56.87 d | 57.49 cd | 60.59 b | 60.76 ab | 58.24 c | 60.15 b | 61.71 a | 0.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.601 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Feed intake, g | |||||||||||||
1–10 d | 22.74 | 23.84 | 23.18 | 23.59 | 24.36 | 23.84 | 23.11 | 0.42 | 0.98 | 0.660 | 0.720 | 0.655 | 0.506 |
11–24 d | 94.31 | 92.78 | 92.17 | 90.15 | 91.23 | 90.84 | 90.66 | 0.64 | 0.7 | 0.074 | 0.868 | 0.178 | 0.923 |
25–35 d | 177.44 | 177.19 | 176.40 | 176.77 | 177.76 | 176.01 | 178.03 | 0.37 | 0.82 | 0.561 | 0.774 | 0.923 | 0.770 |
1–35 d | 98.16 | 97.94 | 97.25 | 96.84 | 97.79 | 96.90 | 97.27 | 0.3 | 0.91 | 0.329 | 0.928 | 0.367 | 0.839 |
Feed conversion ratio, g/g | |||||||||||||
1–10 d | 0.98 a | 0.93 ab | 0.92 ab | 0.77 bc | 0.92 ab | 0.81 abc | 0.72 c | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.082 | 0.041 | 0.081 | 0.079 |
11–24 d | 1.70 a | 1.59 b | 1.44 cd | 1.39 d | 1.51 bc | 1.45 cd | 1.43 cd | 0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.139 | <0.001 | 0.713 |
25–35 d | 2.14 a | 2.09 bc | 2.05 cd | 2.02 d | 2.11 ab | 2.08 bc | 1.96 e | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.044 | 0.029 |
1–35 d | 1.73 a | 1.70 ab | 1.60 c | 1.59 c | 1.68 b | 1.61 c | 1.58 c | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.593 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
Traits | Control | Hermetia illucens | Periplaneta americana | SEM | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 | ANOVA | HI Lin. | HI Quad. | PA Lin. | PA Quad. | |||
Hematology | |||||||||||||
Hb | 8.9 c | 8.33 d | 9.9 ab | 10 ab | 9.67 b | 9.7 b | 10.3 a | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.001 | 0.592 | 0.946 |
RBCs | 2.83 bc | 2.57 c | 3.03 bc | 3.1 ab | 2.87 bc | 3.03 bc | 3.53 a | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.561 | 0.175 | 0.348 |
HCT | 32.36 c | 30.07 e | 26.63 f | 35.3 a | 31.06 d | 33.2 b | 35.33 a | 0.64 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
MCV | 98.06 d | 89.73 e | 83.17 f | 113.83 a | 100.13 c | 97.23 d | 105.33 b | 2.06 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.981 | <0.001 |
MCH | 31.77 c | 25.73 f | 29.5 e | 32.87 b | 31.23 d | 29.37 e | 34.23 a | 0.58 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
MCHC | 32.43 d | 30.3 e | 33.33 c | 36.27 a | 32.73 d | 34.27 b | 36.53 a | 0.46 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.154 | 0.221 | 0.004 |
Platelets | 13,966.67 e | 16,666.17 d | 13,033.23 f | 29,033.13 b | 14,666.47 e | 23,033.33 c | 31,033.30 a | 1552.16 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
TLC | 11,000 d | 6533.33 g | 10,066.67 e | 17,466.67 a | 9200 f | 13,100 c | 14,033.33 b | 744.15 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.585 | <0.001 |
Heter. | 36.07 d | 44.33 c | 50.33 b | 50.33 b | 36.67 d | 50.33 b | 62.67 a | 1.92 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.539 | <0.001 |
Lym. | 33.67 c | 44.67 b | 45 b | 56.67 a | 33.33 c | 45.33 b | 56.33 a | 1.99 | <0.001 | 0.09 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
Mono. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.429 | 0.105 | 0.734 | 0.855 |
Serum bio-chemistry | |||||||||||||
Creatinine | 0.53 a | 0.43 ab | 0.4 b | 0.23 c | 0.33 bc | 0.33 bc | 0.23 c | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.156 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.394 |
Glucose | 212.67 a | 201.33 b | 196.33 c | 135.67 f | 204.67 b | 172.33 e | 192.33 d | 1.45 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Cholesterol | 152.67 a | 154.33 a | 142.17 bc | 120.33 d | 140.33 bc | 143.33 b | 138.67 c | 1.2 | <0.001 | 0.173 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.224 |
T. Protein | 2.73 d | 3.33 bc | 3.37 bc | 3.53 b | 2.93 d | 3.23 c | 4.13 a | 0.1 | <0.001 | 0.565 | 0.005 | 0.857 | <0.001 |
Alb. | 1.2 d | 1.3 cd | 1.4 bc | 1.5 ab | 1.3 cd | 1.5 ab | 1.6 a | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.002 | 0.487 |
Glob. | 1.43 e | 1.63 de | 2.17 bc | 2.33 ab | 1.63 de | 1.9 cd | 2.63 a | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.006 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
Uric acid | 4.63 a | 3.43 d | 4.13 b | 3.63 cd | 4.23 b | 3.83 c | 3.53 d | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.832 |
Diet | Site | Vh | Cd | Vw | Vh/Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Jejunum | 1407.2 abcd | 187.76 a | 43.40 ef | 7.92 bcdef |
Ileum | 1026.6 e | 177.82 cd | 43.20 ef | 5.47 g | |
HI4 | Jejunum | 1357.2 abcd | 182.28 b | 61.67 bc | 7.65 bcdef |
Ileum | 1133.0 de | 177.53 cd | 46.01 def | 6.21 fg | |
HI8 | Jejunum | 1421.4 abcd | 175.62 de | 74.70 a | 8.26 abcd |
Ileum | 1106.9 de | 172.03 fg | 47.53 def | 6.31 efg | |
HI12 | Jejunum | 1559.7 ab | 164.26 h | 70.16 ab | 9.38 ab |
Ileum | 1158.5 cde | 166.28 h | 51.05 cde | 7.04 cdefg | |
PA4 | Jejunum | 1473.2 abc | 178.84 c | 50.63 cde | 8.41 abcd |
Ileum | 1237.1 bcde | 175.07 de | 49.09 def | 6.92 defg | |
PA8 | Jejunum | 1392.4 abcd | 173.18 ef | 37.91 f | 8.22 abcde |
Ileum | 1541.7 ab | 169.45 g | 50.79 cde | 8.90 abc | |
PA12 | Jejunum | 1602.7 a | 161.23 i | 74.79 a | 9.95 a |
Ileum | 1478.7 abc | 161.00 i | 55.43 cd | 9.17 ab | |
PSEM | 18.29 | 3.40 | 1.69 | 0.34 | |
Probability | |||||
Meals | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Sites | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Meals * Sites | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
Traits | Control | Hermetia illucens | Periplaneta americana | SEM | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HI4 | HI8 | HI12 | PA4 | PA8 | PA12 | ANOVA | HI Lin. 1 | HI Quad. 1 | PA Lin. 1 | PA Quad. 1 | |||
Meat pH | 6.09 | 6.11 | 6.12 | 6.14 | 6.13 | 6.11 | 6.12 | 0.01 | 0.282 | 0.566 | 0.491 | 0.189 | 0.625 |
Drip loss (%) | 2.45 | 2.32 | 2.45 | 2.19 | 2.30 | 2.11 | 2.42 | 0.81 | 0.693 | 0.427 | 0.507 | 0.304 | 0.985 |
Shear force | 61.03 | 61.02 | 60.84 | 61.07 | 60.86 | 60.88 | 60.93 | 0.03 | 0.159 | 0.805 | 0.120 | 0.219 | 0.435 |
Cooking loss (%) | 33.32 a | 26.12 c | 18.10 e | 18.70 e | 29.32 b | 21.10 d | 20.20 de | 1.68 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
L* | 58.75 a | 57.17 ab | 54.70 bc | 48.94 d | 56.67 abc | 53.14 c | 49.61 d | 0.86 | <0.001 | 0.447 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.701 |
a* | 12.35 c | 13.87 b | 16.02 a | 16.29 a | 13.70 b | 16.13 a | 16.23 a | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.04 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.351 |
b* | 19.15 b | 18.44 b | 18.31 b | 21.32 a | 19.28 b | 19.09 b | 21.03 a | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.026 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.868 |
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Mustafa, F.; Sajjad, A.; Tahir, R.; Ali, M.; Sajjad, M.; Abbasi, A.; Khan, E.U.; Zafar, S.; Hashem, A.; Avila-Quezada, G.D.; et al. Use of Periplaneta americana as a Soybean Meal Substitute: A Step towards Sustainable Transformative Poultry Feeds. Insects 2024, 15, 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090632
Mustafa F, Sajjad A, Tahir R, Ali M, Sajjad M, Abbasi A, Khan EU, Zafar S, Hashem A, Avila-Quezada GD, et al. Use of Periplaneta americana as a Soybean Meal Substitute: A Step towards Sustainable Transformative Poultry Feeds. Insects. 2024; 15(9):632. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090632
Chicago/Turabian StyleMustafa, Farwa, Asif Sajjad, Roughaina Tahir, Mudssar Ali, Muhammad Sajjad, Asim Abbasi, Ehsaan Ullah Khan, Saba Zafar, Abeer Hashem, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, and et al. 2024. "Use of Periplaneta americana as a Soybean Meal Substitute: A Step towards Sustainable Transformative Poultry Feeds" Insects 15, no. 9: 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090632