Functional and Numerical Responses of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Potential for Biological Control
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Collection and Rearing of Ladybird and Aphid
2.2. Predation Ability of H. axyridis on R. nymphaeae Nymphs
2.3. Functional Response Assays
2.4. Effects of H. axyridis Density on Predatory Response under Constant Ladybird-to-Aphid Ratio
2.5. Effects of H. axyridis Density on Predatory Response under Constant Aphid Density
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Functional Response
3.2. Predation Ability and Attack Rate of H. axyridis at Different Development Stages on R. nymphaeae Nymphs
3.3. Search Effects of H. axyridis on R. nymphaeae
3.4. Intraspecific Interference Influence on the Predation Ability of H. axyridis
3.5. Self-Interference Influences the Predation of H. axyridis
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ladybird Stage | Parameter | Mean ± SE (95% CI) | 1/Th | a/Th | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st instar larva | a | 0.7372 ± 0.0822 (0.553–0.866) | 24.69 | 18.20 | 0.3906 |
Th | 0.0405 ± 0.0040 (0.016–0.055) | ||||
2nd instar larva | a | 1.0680 ± 0.2191 (0.595–1.998) | 53.34 | 57.11 | 0.2717 |
Th | 0.0187 ± 0.0010 (0.0158–0.0225) | ||||
3rd instar larva | a | 1.1570 ± 0.1354 (0.782–1.810) | 103.58 | 119.28 | 1.4010 |
Th | 0.0097 ± 0.0005 (0.0020–0.0157) | ||||
4th instar larva | a | 1.3878 ± 0.5010 (0.839–1.769) | 163.55 | 227.51 | 2.0017 |
Th | 0.0061 ± 0.0006 (0.0024–0.0133) | ||||
Adult | a | 0.9825 ± 0.0843 (0.6132–1.2182) | 298.11 | 288.97 | 2.2427 |
Th | 0.0034 ± 0.0015 (0.0014–0.017) |
Ladybird Stage | Type II | Type III |
---|---|---|
1st instar larva | 73.00 | 73.67 |
2nd instar larva | 92.52 | 80.08 |
3rd instar larva | 668.78 | 857.56 |
4th instar larva | 674.30 | 946.79 |
Adult | 2160.99 | 2213.39 |
Ladybird Stage | Estimate | SE | Z-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st instar larva | −0.78 | 2.39 × 10−4 | −0.33 | 0.74 |
2nd instar larva | −0.52 | 2.83 × 10−4 | 0.18 | 0.85 |
3rd instar larva | −1.12 | 2.09 × 10−4 | −0.54 | 0.59 |
4th instar larva | −0.99 | 2.89 × 10−4 | −0.34 | 0.73 |
Adult | −0.11 | 0.39 × 10−3 | −0.28 | 0.78 |
Ladybird Stage | Model Equation | q | m | R2 | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st larva | E = 0.2326P−0.504 | 0.2326 | 0.504 | 0.986 | 0.0012 |
2nd larva | E = 0.4565P−0.982 | 0.4565 | 0.982 | 0.963 | 0.0443 |
3rd larva | E = 0.3751P−0.643 | 0.3751 | 0.643 | 0.784 | 0.0310 |
4th larva | E = 0.7765P−0.959 | 0.7765 | 0.959 | 0.976 | 0.4429 |
Adult | E = 0.5999P−0.838 | 0.5999 | 0.838 | 0.989 | 1.95 |
Ladybird Stage | Number | I | Model Equation | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st instar larva | 1 | 0.0000 | I = 0.7899logP+0.0287 | 0.974 |
2 | 0.3214 | |||
3 | 0.4127 | |||
4 | 0.4688 | |||
5 | 0.5829 | |||
2nd instar larva | 1 | 0.0000 | I = 1.1155logP+0.1249 | 0.850 |
2 | 0.6487 | |||
3 | 0.7271 | |||
4 | 0.7650 | |||
5 | 0.8030 | |||
3rd instar larva | 1 | 0.0000 | I = 0.9776logP−0.0897 | 0.877 |
2 | 0.0316 | |||
3 | 0.3958 | |||
4 | 0.5194 | |||
5 | 0.6375 | |||
4th instar larva | 1 | 0.0000 | I = 1.1082logP+0.1102 | 0.878 |
2 | 0.6062 | |||
3 | 0.7109 | |||
4 | 0.7406 | |||
5 | 0.7975 | |||
Adult | 1 | 0.0133 | I = 1.7777logP−0.8417 | 0.9951 |
2 | −0.3167 | |||
3 | 0.0341 | |||
4 | 0.2067 | |||
5 | 0.4053 |
Ladybird Stage | Functional Response Equation | Q | m | R2 | χ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st instar larva | A = 10.853P−0.494 | 10.853 | 0.494 | 0.963 | 0.1287 |
2nd instar larva | A = 58.547P−0.765 | 58.54 | 0.765 | 0.997 | 0.1143 |
3rd instar larva | A = 45.969P−0.631 | 45.969 | 0.631 | 0.968 | 0.7139 |
4th instar larva | A = 229.530P−0.920 | 229.530 | 0.920 | 0.983 | 5.3019 |
Adult | A = 293.400P−0.897 | 293.400 | 0.897 | 0.992 | 1.7062 |
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Li, C.; Yu, J.; Mao, R.; Kang, K.; Xu, L.; Wu, M. Functional and Numerical Responses of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Potential for Biological Control. Insects 2024, 15, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090633
Li C, Yu J, Mao R, Kang K, Xu L, Wu M. Functional and Numerical Responses of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Potential for Biological Control. Insects. 2024; 15(9):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090633
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chong, Jingya Yu, Runping Mao, Kaili Kang, Letian Xu, and Mengting Wu. 2024. "Functional and Numerical Responses of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Potential for Biological Control" Insects 15, no. 9: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090633