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Insects
Volume 16
Issue 9
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Insects, Volume 16, Issue 9 (September 2025) – 121 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Honey bee populations face a severe threat from chalkbrood, a lethal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis. Our study identified a key molecular mechanism underlying this infection: the pathogen hijacked the larval apoptotic pathway to induce fatal tissue damage. The fungal infection markedly increased the expression of host pro-apoptotic genes and meanwhile reduced the anti-apoptotic gene expression, triggering extensive cell death. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis significantly enhanced larval survival and decreased the fungal Ste11-like expression. Conversely, artificially inducing apoptosis exacerbated disease progression. These results demonstrate that A. apis actively exploits host apoptosis to promote its own virulence, highlighting the apoptotic pathway as a promising target for therapeutic interventions. View this paper
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15 pages, 969 KB  
Article
Overcoming Obstacles: Perspective on How Mediterranean Oaks Defend Their Acorns from Insect Seed Predators
by David A. Oropesa-Olmedo, Enrique Andivia, Michał Reut, Pablo Cisneros and Raúl Bonal
Insects 2025, 16(9), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090990 - 22 Sep 2025
Abstract
Insect pre-dispersal seed predators attack a large proportion of the acorn crops in oak forests worldwide. Oaks (Quercus spp.) have evolved several strategies, including physical barriers, chemical defenses (e.g., tannins), and/or phenological predator avoidance, to reduce infestation rates. This study examines how [...] Read more.
Insect pre-dispersal seed predators attack a large proportion of the acorn crops in oak forests worldwide. Oaks (Quercus spp.) have evolved several strategies, including physical barriers, chemical defenses (e.g., tannins), and/or phenological predator avoidance, to reduce infestation rates. This study examines how four Mediterranean oak species cope with acorn-feeding insects. Nearly 4000 acorns were collected from five sites at two time points during the maturation period: in mid-September and mid-October. Infestation rates were higher in mid-September, when the pericarp is softer and easier to drill, but at that time, the cotyledon tannin content was higher. Q. coccifera acorns had the highest tannin concentration, which, we experimentally discovered, hampered weevil development (with longer development and a lower final larval mass). Infested acorn abscission was also more effective in Q. coccifera. Due to the smaller size and later maturation phenology of its acorns, insects depleted the cotyledons and suffered food shortages more frequently. In the end, Q. coccifera showed the lowest acorn infestation rates, although its strategy would have costs in further stages of the regeneration cycle. Tannins deter acorn dispersers, and their production is costly. Such trade-offs would favor the co-existence of different strategies evolved by Quercus spp. against pre-dispersal insect predators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Richness of the Forest Microcosmos)
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12 pages, 230 KB  
Article
Effect of Supplementing Lysine and Isoleucine as Limiting Amino Acids on Growth Performance and Amino Acid Deposition of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Reared on a Cereal-Based Substrate
by Guillermo Fondevila, Habib Fatmi, Pilar Fernando, Carlos Dapoza and Manuel Fondevila
Insects 2025, 16(9), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090989 - 22 Sep 2025
Abstract
The effects of Lys and Ile supplementation in a barley-based substrate on growth performance and nutrient deposition in Tenebrio molitor larvae were evaluated. Six trays per treatment containing sixty larvae were assigned to five treatments in two 21-day periods: barley (B); an 85% [...] Read more.
The effects of Lys and Ile supplementation in a barley-based substrate on growth performance and nutrient deposition in Tenebrio molitor larvae were evaluated. Six trays per treatment containing sixty larvae were assigned to five treatments in two 21-day periods: barley (B); an 85% barley and 15% soybean meal mixture (BS) and B supplemented with synthetic Lys (BL), Ile (BI) or a combination of both (BLI), as potential limiting amino acids (AA) for larval growth. Supplementing AAs was provided in agar cubes twice per week. Larval performance was measured, and larvae were analyzed for nutrient content and AA profile. Final larval weight increased (p = 0.042) in BS and BL compared to B, with intermediate values for BI and BLI. Larval contents (mg/larva) in total AAs and seven key AAs (sum of Lys, Met, Cys, Thr, Trp, Val and Ile) were higher in BS-fed larvae than in BL and BLI, with the lowest values for BI and B (p < 0.001). Barley supplementation with Lys improved larval AA content, although the levels remained lower than those observed with BS. Conversely, Ile supplementation had no apparent effect on overall AA deposition compared to Lys alone, suggesting the presence of additional limiting AAs for optimal larval growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
11 pages, 547 KB  
Article
Predation Pressure on Invertebrate Sentinel Prey Depends on Distance to Forest Edge and Seasonality in Kenyan Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plantations
by Titus S. Imboma, Alfredo Venturo and Gábor L. Lövei
Insects 2025, 16(9), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090988 - 22 Sep 2025
Abstract
Tea is a global commodity, and due to its way of preparation pesticide residues cannot be tolerated. This underlines the importance of non-chemical pest control. Kenya is the third largest global tea producer but the potential of natural enemies against tea pests is [...] Read more.
Tea is a global commodity, and due to its way of preparation pesticide residues cannot be tolerated. This underlines the importance of non-chemical pest control. Kenya is the third largest global tea producer but the potential of natural enemies against tea pests is unknown. We used artificial caterpillars made of non-drying green plasticine to quantify attack rates by predators on tea canopies at different distances from plantation edges and in the nearby native forest during the wet and dry seasons in three tea-growing mountain regions of Kenya, Kericho, Gatamaiyu and Kakamega. The artificial sentinel caterpillars were readily attacked by arthropods, birds, and sporadically by small mammals. During an exposure time of 24 h, the overall attack rate was 25.0%d−1. Natural enemy activity was higher in the dry (35.3%d−1) than in the wet (16.7%d−1) season. The highest predation pressure was measured in the native forest (41.7%d−1) and gradually decreased with increasing distances into the tea plantation (to 8.3%d−1 at 40 m from the edge). The rate of decrease from the forest edge towards the centre of the tea plantation was steeper for birds than for arthropods, indicating that birds were more reluctant to use this habitat. The potential for natural pest control in Kenyan tea plantations is high, but planting native trees is recommended especially if bird activity inside tea plantations is to be encouraged. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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13 pages, 954 KB  
Article
The Molecular Drivers of Honey Robbing in Apis mellifera L.: Morphological Divergence and Oxidative-Immune Regulation Mechanisms Based on Proteomic Analysis
by Xinyu Wang, Xijie Li, Zhanfeng Yan, Mengjuan Hao, Xiao Cui, Zhenxing Liu, Jun Guo and Yazhou Zhao
Insects 2025, 16(9), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090987 - 22 Sep 2025
Abstract
Honey robbing, as an extreme adaptive response of honey bee colonies to resource scarcity, poses devastating threats to apiaries, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We compared morphological traits and survival rates between robber bees and normal foragers and conducted proteomic [...] Read more.
Honey robbing, as an extreme adaptive response of honey bee colonies to resource scarcity, poses devastating threats to apiaries, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We compared morphological traits and survival rates between robber bees and normal foragers and conducted proteomic sequencing of bee head samples. The results demonstrated that robber bees exhibited darker tergite coloration and significantly shortened lifespan. Proteomic analysis revealed that the darker coloration was primarily attributed to enhanced cuticular melanin deposition mediated by upregulated laccase-5, while the shortened lifespan mainly resulted from oxidative stress and immune suppression: the downregulation of heat shock protein 75 kDa and glutathione transferase weakened antioxidant capacity, and despite compensatory upregulation of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, flavin-containing monooxygenases and other enzymes, oxidative damage continued to accumulate. Concurrently, downregulation of Defense protein 3 and C-type lectin 5 caused immune deficiency in robber bees. The results also showed metabolic and protein synthesis reprogramming in robber bees, specifically manifested by upregulated key enzymes in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and nucleotide metabolism, along with activation of protein synthesis-transport-export systems. We found that robber bees employ a “metabolic-synthetic co-enhancement” physiological strategy to boost short-term foraging efficiency, but this strategy simultaneously induces oxidative damage and immune suppression, ultimately shortening their lifespan. This study provides the first proteomic evidence revealing the physiological trade-offs underlying this behavior at the molecular level, offering novel insights into the physiological costs of behavioral adaptation in animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)
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13 pages, 3347 KB  
Article
Improvement and Quantification of Extraction Methods for Annual Bluegrass Weevil Larval Populations
by Albrecht M. Koppenhöfer, Olga S. Kostromytska and Ana Luiza Sousa
Insects 2025, 16(9), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090986 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 47
Abstract
The annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis (Kirby), is a significant pest of short-mown turfgrass in eastern North America. Proper monitoring of this pest may reduce insecticide applications. We investigated the extraction rate and labor involved in modifications of the two currently available [...] Read more.
The annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis (Kirby), is a significant pest of short-mown turfgrass in eastern North America. Proper monitoring of this pest may reduce insecticide applications. We investigated the extraction rate and labor involved in modifications of the two currently available methods for sampling ABW larvae: submersion of turf cores in saturated saline solution and heat extraction of cores on modified Berlese funnels. Using 5.7 cm diameter cores, submersion extracted 1.8× more larvae in saline solution than in water. Among the salt extraction variants, splitting the cores into four pieces before submersion was the best compromise between extraction rate and time requirement. Using intact cores extracted 40% fewer larvae while taking 18% less time, whereas destructive searching cores before submersion extracted 24% more larvae but required 64% more time. Using smaller cores (3.5 cm diam) took 18% less time and extracted 23% more larvae, but required more time sampling in the field. Larval stage averages did not differ significantly between salt extraction variants. Heat extraction, including destructively searching the desiccated core, extracted 60% more larvae but required 87% more time than four-piece salt extraction. Excluding the desiccated core, heat extracted as many larvae as four-piece salt extraction and required 16% less time. However, heat extraction requires three to four days and space that can be kept at around 32 °C. The method of choice for ABW larval extractions depends on whether the sampler prefers a high extraction rate, less labor, or quicker results, and whether space for heat extractions is available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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19 pages, 2947 KB  
Article
Mouthparts and Alimentary Tract of Flower-Visiting Monkey Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Hopliini): Insights into Feeding Preferences
by Michael Neulinger, Florian Karolyi, Jonathan F. Colville, Myriam E. Widmann, Jonas Kristl and Harald W. Krenn
Insects 2025, 16(9), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090985 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 161
Abstract
Monkey beetles (Hopliini, Scarabaeoidea) are a species-rich group of flower-visiting insects that are specialized to feed on floral tissue, pollen and/or nectar. We studied ten South African species, examining morphological features associated with their specific feeding preferences. This is the first attempt in [...] Read more.
Monkey beetles (Hopliini, Scarabaeoidea) are a species-rich group of flower-visiting insects that are specialized to feed on floral tissue, pollen and/or nectar. We studied ten South African species, examining morphological features associated with their specific feeding preferences. This is the first attempt in a limited number of beetle species to comparatively investigate both the mouthparts and the alimentary tract in relation to ingested food. Using light microscopy, we found cutting edges on the mandibles and galea teeth in flower tissue-feeding species. Pollen feeders have numerous bristles on the maxillae and a prominent mola on the mandibles that are likely used for gathering and grinding pollen. The elongate heads and mouthparts of the nectar feeders are considered an adaptation that enable these species to mop up nectar while probing flowers. Using µCT imaging and reconstructions of the entire alimentary tract, our morphometric results suggest that food preferences are not related to total relative gut length, although the ratio of foregut to body length was greater in pollen- and nectar-feeding monkey beetles than in floral tissue-feeders. The midgut of females tends to be longer relative to body size compared to males. Our work serves as a basis for generating hypotheses for future research that includes gut morphology in flower-visiting insects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beetles: Biology, Ecology, and Integrated Management)
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22 pages, 4747 KB  
Article
The Compensatory Response of Photosystem II Photochemistry to Short-Term Insect Herbivory Is Suppressed Under Water Deficit
by Julietta Moustaka, Ilektra Sperdouli, Stefanos S. Andreadis, Nikoletta Stoikou, Kleoniki Giannousi, Catherine Dendrinou-Samara and Michael Moustakas
Insects 2025, 16(9), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090984 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is very sensitive to both biotic and abiotic stress conditions, mirroring global climate changes. Crop production worldwide faces rising hazards from the increased duration, frequency, and intensity of drought stress episodes as a result of climate change, and its effects, [...] Read more.
Photosystem II (PSII) is very sensitive to both biotic and abiotic stress conditions, mirroring global climate changes. Crop production worldwide faces rising hazards from the increased duration, frequency, and intensity of drought stress episodes as a result of climate change, and its effects, when combined with biotic stress, are becoming more noticeable. In the present work, we examined PSII responses of well-watered (WW) tomato plants or mildly drought-stressed (MDS) plants to 20 min of Tuta absoluta larvae feeding. The effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) of the whole leaf in WW plants, after 20 min of larvae feeding, compensated for the reduction in ΦPSII observed at the feeding area. In contrast, the reduced ΦPSII at the feeding areas of MDS plants, after 20 min of larvae feeding, was not compensated at the whole-leaf level because of the drought stress. The increased ΦPSII and electron transport rate (ETR) at the whole-leaf level in WW plants was attributed to the increased fraction of open PSII reaction centers (qp), since there was no difference in the efficiency of the open PSII reaction centers (Fv′/Fm′) before and after feeding. Therefore, the response of PSII photochemistry in WW plants to short-term biotic stress resulted in an overcompensation reaction, which developed a whole-leaf photosynthetic enhancement. However, short-term biotic stress in combination with mild abiotic stress resulted in decreased PSII photochemistry. It is concluded that increased crop damage is likely to occur due to the global climate-change-induced drought episodes, influencing insect herbivory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Plant Responses to Insect Herbivores)
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10 pages, 2543 KB  
Article
Duplex PCR Detection and Differentiation of Insect DNA Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio in Various Types of Food
by Dagmar Stehlíková, Veronika Müllerová, Anna Adámková, Pavel Beran, Martin Adámek, Vladislav Čurn, Soňa Škrovánková and Jiří Mlček
Insects 2025, 16(9), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090983 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 139
Abstract
Edible insects, particularly Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus) (mealworm) and Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (superworm), have drawn increasing attention as alternative protein sources. This study aims to develop an accurate molecular detection method for T. molitor, an EU-approved food species, and to differentiate it from [...] Read more.
Edible insects, particularly Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus) (mealworm) and Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (superworm), have drawn increasing attention as alternative protein sources. This study aims to develop an accurate molecular detection method for T. molitor, an EU-approved food species, and to differentiate it from Z. morio, which remains unapproved for human consumption in the EU. The process enables precise and sensitive identification methods by optimizing singleplex and duplex PCR techniques targeting 16S rRNA and COI gene regions. The DNA of T. molitor was detected in various food matrices, including pastries, chocolate, and porridge, while avoiding cross-reactivity with Z. morio, Gryllus asimilis, and Locusta migratoria. The detection limit for both singleplex and duplex PCR was 10 pg of DNA, ensuring robustness against inhibitory effects from complex food matrices. The developed approach ensures reliable detection and compliance with EU regulations regarding insect-based foods, providing a critical tool for food authentication and preventing adulteration. The key advancements of this approach lie in its improved specificity and sensitivity, allowing for the ability to detect complex food matrices. An applied perspective was evaluated using real commercial food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)
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14 pages, 3128 KB  
Article
Development of an LNA-Based qPCR Assay for Detecting Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell, 1897) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from Insect and Honeydew DNA
by Domenico Rizzo, Alice Downes, Claudia Gabriela Zubieta, Michela Moriconi, Chiara Ranaldi, Bruno Palmigiano, Antonio Aronadio, Linda Bartolini, Edson Bolige, Antonio P. Garonna and Elia Russo
Insects 2025, 16(9), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090982 - 20 Sep 2025
Viewed by 166
Abstract
The invasive sap-feeding pest Toumeyella parvicornis (pine tortoise scale) is rapidly spreading across Europe, threatening pine ecosystems, particularly in forest–urban areas of Italy. In this scenario, early detection and monitoring strategies are critical to prevent new outbreaks and mitigate impacts in infested regions. [...] Read more.
The invasive sap-feeding pest Toumeyella parvicornis (pine tortoise scale) is rapidly spreading across Europe, threatening pine ecosystems, particularly in forest–urban areas of Italy. In this scenario, early detection and monitoring strategies are critical to prevent new outbreaks and mitigate impacts in infested regions. Current surveillance is challenged by the lack of rapid, sensitive tools for indirect detection of this cryptic, canopy-dwelling pest, despite advancements in molecular diagnostics and environmental DNA (eDNA). Here, we established a highly specific qPCR assay using LNA probe chemistry for detecting T. parvicornis DNA from both adult insects and their excreted honeydew. DNA was successfully isolated/quantified from all tested matrices. We recorded average Cq values of 20.9 for insect specimens and 30.3 for collected honeydew samples. Targeting the COI barcoding region, the assay demonstrated excellent specificity in both in silico and in vitro tests, showing no cross-reactivity to other pine-associated taxa. The limit of detection for DNA isolated from insect was 64 fg/µL. This is the first diagnostic protocol to use honeydew as a matrix for indirect detection of T. parvicornis. Optimized for routine application by Plant Health Services, this eDNA-based tool offers a valuable approach for future monitoring of sap-sucking hemipterans in multiple environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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13 pages, 536 KB  
Article
Relative Effectiveness of Amorphous Silica, Malathion, and Pirimiphos Methyl in Controlling Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum and Their Long-Term Effects on Stored Wheat Under Laboratory Conditions
by Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid and Mohamed S. Shawir
Insects 2025, 16(9), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090981 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 173
Abstract
The relative efficacy of amorphous silica dusts, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl was assessed against S. oryzae and T. castaneum in stored wheat under laboratory conditions. Insecticidal performance was influenced by physical properties such as particle size, surface area, bulk density, and oil/water adsorption [...] Read more.
The relative efficacy of amorphous silica dusts, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl was assessed against S. oryzae and T. castaneum in stored wheat under laboratory conditions. Insecticidal performance was influenced by physical properties such as particle size, surface area, bulk density, and oil/water adsorption capacity. Fumed silicas showed the highest toxicity, particularly Wacker HDK H20 (LC50 = 19.4 mg/100 g at 12% moisture). Precipitated silica, Sipernat 22, though less potent (LC50 = 46.6 mg/100 g), displayed consistent efficacy across different moisture levels, making it a suitable inert carrier. Increasing grain moisture to 15% significantly reduced the effectiveness of all dusts. When insecticides were combined with silica, their toxicity increased markedly. Malathion on silica (0.2%) reduced LC50 values to 21.5 and 23.3 µg a.i./100 g for T. castaneum and S. oryzae, respectively, compared to 52.3 and 84.7 µg a.i./100 g on talc. Pirimiphos methyl on silica (0.1%) was the most effective, achieving LC50 values of 13.4 and 15.5 µg a.i./100 g. Long-term bioassays over 25 weeks showed declining mortality rates, particularly at 15% moisture. However, pirimiphos methyl on silica maintained over 90% mortality at 12% moisture throughout the period, indicating strong residual efficacy. The results highlight the synergistic potential of combining silica with chemical insecticides and the crucial role of environmental humidity in stored grain pest management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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20 pages, 304 KB  
Article
Segmentation of Young Polish Consumers in Relation to Product Attributes and Willingness to Consume Food Containing Edible Insects
by Anna Platta, Anna Mikulec, Monika Radzymińska, Karolina Mikulec and Stanisław Kowalski
Insects 2025, 16(9), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090980 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 211
Abstract
This study investigated consumer segmentation regarding insect-based foods among Polish Generation Z students. Data from 947 respondents were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by k-means clustering. Two segmentation solutions were identified: a four-cluster model based on product categories and a three-cluster [...] Read more.
This study investigated consumer segmentation regarding insect-based foods among Polish Generation Z students. Data from 947 respondents were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by k-means clustering. Two segmentation solutions were identified: a four-cluster model based on product categories and a three-cluster model based on product attributes. In the four-cluster solution, the segments were labeled insect product enthusiasts, pragmatic consumers of processed products, cautious explorers, and skeptical and disengaged. In the three-cluster solution, the clusters were identified as conscious enthusiasts, quality-oriented pragmatists, and skeptical and disengaged. Across both approaches, the clusters differed significantly in terms of food neophobia, perceptions of sustainability, and product-related attributes such as safety, nutritional value, and sensory appeal. Notably, socio-demographic factors such as gender, place of residence, economic status, and field of study did not show statistically significant differences across clusters. Food neophobia emerged as a strong and highly significant differentiator (p < 0.001), reinforcing its role as a major psychological barrier, while positive perceptions of safety, taste, and nutritional value enhanced acceptance. These findings extend current knowledge on consumer heterogeneity in sustainable food markets and provide practical guidance for developing tailored communication strategies to promote the acceptance of edible insects among young consumers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects and Their Derivatives for Human Practical Uses 3rd Edition)
13 pages, 3735 KB  
Article
Developmental Biology and Seasonal Damage of the Grape Borer Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus in Grapevines
by Ganyu Zhang, Yuying Jia, Haibin Wu, Yong Zhang, Murad Ghanim, Yanan Ma and Ruihong Sun
Insects 2025, 16(9), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090979 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 217
Abstract
Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a major viticultural pest whose larval feeding damages grapevine canes and reduces yields, yet its internal development and damage progression are poorly understood. Using field surveys combined with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and in situ X-ray [...] Read more.
Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a major viticultural pest whose larval feeding damages grapevine canes and reduces yields, yet its internal development and damage progression are poorly understood. Using field surveys combined with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and in situ X-ray microscopy, we non-destructively tracked both tissue damage and life-cycle dynamics within canes. Damage intensity increased from December to May, with affected canes showing reduced porosity compared to healthy ones. Continuous imaging revealed a distinct prepupal stage and extended adult residence in pupal chambers before emergence. Morphometric analysis showed that adult size is constrained by pupal chamber dimensions, indicating adaptive adjustment to limited intra-cane space. These findings demonstrate the value of advanced imaging tools for clarifying the biology of X. pyrrhoderus and support the development of targeted management strategies for this and related agricultural pests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Insect Pest Management: Innovative Approaches to Enhance Plant Protection)
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16 pages, 904 KB  
Article
Sardine Inclusion in a Food Waste-Based Substrate for Rearing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae: Effects on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Gut Microbiome
by Seong-Mok Jeong, Byung Hwa Min, Sang Woo Hur, Jinho Bae, Ki Hwan Park and Kang Woong Kim
Insects 2025, 16(9), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090977 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
The drastic surge in Sardine landings in Korea underscores the urgent need for sustainable upcycling strategies. However, research on the feasibility of using sardine (SD) in food waste (FW)-based substrates during the cultivation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) [...] Read more.
The drastic surge in Sardine landings in Korea underscores the urgent need for sustainable upcycling strategies. However, research on the feasibility of using sardine (SD) in food waste (FW)-based substrates during the cultivation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) remains limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating varying SD contents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%), into which 4-day-old (third-instar) larvae weighing approximately 0.02 g were introduced and reared for 12 days in triplicate. SD inclusion in the substrate had a dose-dependent effect on BSFL growth; higher concentrations (≥50%) markedly inhibited key growth indices, including a significant reduction in total biomass (p < 0.05). Incorporating SD into the diet dose-dependently enriched the biomass with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid while reducing the relative proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the intestinal microbiota of BSFL. Further, SD inclusion altered the gut microbial community structure. Increased SD concentration in the diet led to a progressive reduction in unique genera, indicating decreased microbial diversity at higher inclusion levels. Overall, incorporating SD into FW for BSFL cultivation is feasible; however, optimizing substrate composition—particularly moisture and nutrient balance—is necessary to enhance larval growth and productivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as the Nutrition Source in Animal Feed)
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21 pages, 4954 KB  
Article
Integrative Study of the Crane Fly Genus Brithura Edwards, 1916 (Diptera: Tipulidae) in East Asia: First Larval Descriptions of the Genus and Insights from Adult Morphology and DNA Barcoding
by Virginija Podeniene, Sigitas Podenas, Dalius Butkauskas, Donatas Sneideris, Jin Whoa Yum, Neung-Ho Ahn, Soen Yi Kim, Jisoo Kim and Pavel Starkevich
Insects 2025, 16(9), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090978 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
Brithura Edwards, 1916 (Diptera: Tipulidae) is a small genus of crane flies currently comprising 16 described species distributed across the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Although the adults of this genus rank among the largest representatives of the family Tipulidae, their immature stages [...] Read more.
Brithura Edwards, 1916 (Diptera: Tipulidae) is a small genus of crane flies currently comprising 16 described species distributed across the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Although the adults of this genus rank among the largest representatives of the family Tipulidae, their immature stages have remained undocumented until now. In this study, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment sequences (DNA barcodes) of Brithura sancta Alexander, 1929 were analyzed using both recently collected adult specimens from the Republic of Korea and historical museum specimens from China (collected in 1933). These sequences were compared with COI data obtained from larvae collected in Republic of Korea. We present the first description, with detailed illustrations and ecological information, of the previously unknown final instar larva of Brithura, specifically for the East Palaearctic species B. sancta. Diagnostic larval characters for the genus are discussed. Additionally, a redescription and comprehensive morphological documentation of the adult male and female B. sancta, including habitus and genitalia, are provided. This study represents the first phylogenetic contribution to the taxonomy of Brithura larvae based on mitochondrial COI sequence data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)
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14 pages, 5225 KB  
Article
Comparison of Morphological Characteristics of Antennae and Antennal Sensilla Among Three Species of Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
by Jinting Xie, Yi Liu, Junjue Li, Leming Zhou, Xiu Xu and Zhende Yang
Insects 2025, 16(9), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090976 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Various types of sensilla are densely distributed on the antennal surfaces of insects. The specialization of perception and ecological adaptability of antennae in detecting external environmental signals are reflected in the morphology, function, number, and distribution pattern of sensilla. L. invasa, O. [...] Read more.
Various types of sensilla are densely distributed on the antennal surfaces of insects. The specialization of perception and ecological adaptability of antennae in detecting external environmental signals are reflected in the morphology, function, number, and distribution pattern of sensilla. L. invasa, O. bipolaris, and O. maskelli are three types of wasps that harm eucalyptus trees. To investigate the perception and reception methods of chemical signals from eucalyptus trees by the three gall wasps and compare interspecific differences, the antennal morphology and sensillar characteristics of these three gall wasps were systematically analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, including sensillar length, type, distribution, and number. Knee-shaped antennae, comprising the radicle, scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle, and club, are present in all three species. However, significant interspecific differences were observed in total antennal length and funicular number. Five major sensilla categories, comprising nine subtypes, were identified. Among these, five types (BS, CH, CS, TSI, TSII) were common to all three gall wasp species. PSI and PSII were unique to L. invasa, while O. bipolaris and O. maskell shared PSIII. Compared to O. maskelli, O. bipolaris possessed a significantly greater number of PSIII sensilla, which were also longer. TSIII was found exclusively in O. bipolaris. Interspecific differences were evident in antennal morphology, as well as in the number, size, and distribution of the sensilla. These variations in sensilla and antennal shape serve as a morphological foundation for species identification in addition to reflecting ecological adaptation and functional differentiation in environmental signal perception. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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13 pages, 2834 KB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Population Genomics of the Invasive Whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED in China: Implications for Surveillance and Sustainable Control
by Kun Yang, Hongran Li, Dong Guo, Zuowen Sun, Fujun Li and Dong Chu
Insects 2025, 16(9), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090975 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci MED is one of the most invasive and destructive agricultural pests worldwide, posing a serious threat to crop production and biosecurity. Understanding its spatiotemporal population dynamics and genetic structure is critical for early detection, effective surveillance, and sustainable management. Previous studies [...] Read more.
Bemisia tabaci MED is one of the most invasive and destructive agricultural pests worldwide, posing a serious threat to crop production and biosecurity. Understanding its spatiotemporal population dynamics and genetic structure is critical for early detection, effective surveillance, and sustainable management. Previous studies have shown that B. tabaci MED in China has a high genetic structure and an unstable genetic composition. The annual genetic dynamics of the B. tabaci MED population have not been investigated throughout the outbreak phase that began in 2008. Here, we report the use of 2b-RAD sequencing to estimate the spatial and temporal genetic structure of B. tabaci MED in Shandong Province over several years. We examined 198 individuals from five sites over four years (2008, 2013, 2015, and 2017). Although populations showed generally low within-population diversity (Shannon I ≤ 0.407) and a high gene flow, clear temporal differentiation emerged between the early invasion phase (2008) and later outbreak years (2013–2017). Furthermore, specific populations, notably 2017 Liaocheng and Zaozhuang, retained distinct genetic signatures compared with other regions, suggesting localized founder effects or adaptation. Our study underscores the importance of integrating high-resolution genomic tools into invasive pest surveillance programs, and understanding this heterogeneity is critical for targeted surveillance, quarantine prioritization, and sustainable management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Management of Invasive Insects)
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26 pages, 27932 KB  
Article
A Review of the Genus Homidia (Collembola, Entomobryidae) in China Informed by COI DNA Barcoding, with the Description of Three New Species
by Xiaowei Qian, Yu Fu and Yitong Ma
Insects 2025, 16(9), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090974 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
The genus Homidia contains 84 species of which 60 have been reported from China. The sequence of COI for ten Homidia species are provided and a neighbour-joining tree is presented. Three new species of Homidia are described from Chongqing Municipality, China. Homidia wuxiensis [...] Read more.
The genus Homidia contains 84 species of which 60 have been reported from China. The sequence of COI for ten Homidia species are provided and a neighbour-joining tree is presented. Three new species of Homidia are described from Chongqing Municipality, China. Homidia wuxiensis sp. nov. is characterised by its colour pattern and chaetotaxy of Abd. IV; Homidia pseudochroma sp. nov. by some expanded post-labial chaetae and chaetotaxy of dorsal head and Abd. II–IV and Homidia yangi sp. nov. by its colour pattern. Based on similarities in COI sequences and morphology, we designate Homidia linhaiensis (Shi, Pan & Qi), as a junior synonym of Homidia tiantaiensis (Chen & Li). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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17 pages, 1993 KB  
Article
Luthrodes pandava Larvae Can Distinguish Cycas Leaf Quality in Cafeteria Experiments
by Thomas E. Marler
Insects 2025, 16(9), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090973 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 340
Abstract
Cycads are being endangered by several anthropogenic threats, and invasions of non-native herbivores are among those threats. Various country invasions by the cycad blue butterfly Luthrodes pandava have threatened the local horticulture cycad trade and native cycad populations. Little is known about behaviors [...] Read more.
Cycads are being endangered by several anthropogenic threats, and invasions of non-native herbivores are among those threats. Various country invasions by the cycad blue butterfly Luthrodes pandava have threatened the local horticulture cycad trade and native cycad populations. Little is known about behaviors of the larval stage of this specialist herbivore, the life phase that causes damage to cycad leaf tissue. The objective here was to determine larval ability to discriminate among Cycas species that are known to exhibit contrasting susceptibility to L. pandava herbivory. Dual-choice cafeteria protocols were used whereby a single larvae was provisioned with one leaflet of minimally damaged species (low quality) and one leaflet of heavily damaged species (high quality). Consumption after an 8 h feeding cycle was measured as loss in leaflet area. Wild L. pandava populations derived from in situ Philippine and Thailand Cycas habitats preferentially fed on high quality leaflets. In contrast, invasive L. pandava populations from urban locations in Guam, Philippines, and Thailand exhibited no preferences in leaflet feeding choice. The findings indicated that larvae of this Lycaenidae specialist herbivore exhibit complex selection behaviors that depend on origin of the butterfly and feeding history. Discrimination capabilities of the in situ populations that evolved with a single native Cycas species demonstrated beneficial behaviors that appear to be lost over time by invasive populations that feed on numerous novel Cycas hosts within the invasive range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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20 pages, 5623 KB  
Article
Effect of Acheta domesticus Powder Incorporation on Nutritional Composition, Technological Properties, and Sensory Acceptance of Wheat Bread
by Agnieszka Orkusz and Martyna Orkusz
Insects 2025, 16(9), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090972 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 570
Abstract
The fortification of bakery products with alternative protein sources, including edible insects, offers a promising approach to improving nutritional quality while addressing sustainability challenges. This study evaluated graded replacement of type 750 wheat flour with Acheta domesticus (house cricket) powder—together with an extreme [...] Read more.
The fortification of bakery products with alternative protein sources, including edible insects, offers a promising approach to improving nutritional quality while addressing sustainability challenges. This study evaluated graded replacement of type 750 wheat flour with Acheta domesticus (house cricket) powder—together with an extreme 100% cricket-powder formulation—on the nutritional composition, color, particle size distribution, fermentative properties, baking loss, crumb hardness, and sensory quality of bread. Fifteen baked variants were prepared: a 100% wheat flour control; thirteen wheat–cricket blends containing 5–90% cricket powder; and an extreme formulation with 100% cricket powder. Increasing cricket-powder levels significantly increased protein, fat, fiber, zinc, and riboflavin contents while decreasing carbohydrate and starch levels. Technologically, higher substitution levels resulted in darker crumb color, a shift toward coarser particle size distribution, reduced gas retention during proofing, and increased baking loss. Sensory analysis indicated that up to 15% inclusion maintained full consumer acceptability, while 20–25% was at the acceptance threshold. Above 35%, acceptability declined sharply due to intensified earthy flavors and textural changes. The findings highlight 15% inclusion as the optimal balance between enhanced nutritional value and sensory quality, with potential for higher incorporation if appropriate technological modifications are applied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Insects)
13 pages, 780 KB  
Article
Functional Response, Interference, and Predation Efficiency of Diomus guilavoguii (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
by Qijing Lin, Guoguo Ruan, Mingjie Tang, Xuanjie Guo, Meixiaoyun Yang, Xingmin Wang and Xiaosheng Chen
Insects 2025, 16(9), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090971 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) poses a significant threat to over 200 plant species, severely impacting agricultural productivity. Diomus guilavoguii (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a natural predator of P. marginatus. To develop an effective and environmentally friendly management strategy against P. marginatus, [...] Read more.
Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) poses a significant threat to over 200 plant species, severely impacting agricultural productivity. Diomus guilavoguii (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a natural predator of P. marginatus. To develop an effective and environmentally friendly management strategy against P. marginatus, this study investigates the predation relationship between D. guilavoguii and P. marginatus by focusing on functional response and mutual interference under controlled laboratory conditions (Petri dishes). The results indicated that D. guilavoguii exhibits a type II functional response toward P. marginatus, with adults of D. guilavoguii demonstrating superior efficiency in preying upon P. marginatus (the theoretical daily maximum predation rate for female adults of D. guilavoguii on young mealybugs is 416.667). However, a decrease in the predators’ search effect was observed with increasing prey density. Additionally, interspecific interference competition intensified as the number of predators increased, resulting in reduced predation efficiency. Consequently, D. guilavoguii shows promise biological control agent for the management of P. marginatus under laboratory conditions, although further studies in greenhouse and field environments are required to validate its potential in practical pest management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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16 pages, 3177 KB  
Article
Response of Nutritional Values and Gut Microbiomes to Dietary Intake of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Tenebrio molitor Larvae
by Aifen Yang, Yiting Ye, Qiwei Liu, Jingjing Xu, Ruixi Li, Mingfeng Xu, Xiu Wang, Sida Fu and Rongrong Yu
Insects 2025, 16(9), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090970 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
Due to their high nutritional value and a lower environmental impact, Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae are regarded as an alternative protein and lipid source in food industries, animal husbandry, and fishery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ω-3 [...] Read more.
Due to their high nutritional value and a lower environmental impact, Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae are regarded as an alternative protein and lipid source in food industries, animal husbandry, and fishery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ω-3 PUFA intake on the nutritional value and gut microbiota of T. molitor larvae. Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae were reared with wheat bran at 20–32 °C for 4 weeks to screen for a suitable temperature. EPA ethyl esters (EE), DHA ethyl esters (ED), DHA triglycerides (TG), and krill oil (KO) were supplemented in wheat bran to rear larvae for 4 weeks, and the compositions including moisture, carbohydrates, crude protein, and crude fats were analyzed. Gut microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Larvae reared on wheat bran showed optimal growth at 28 °C. ω-3 PUFA supplements increased crude protein (1.07–1.16 fold) and crude fat (1.12–1.22 fold) contents without affecting survival. Gut microbiota composition shifted significantly in all ω-3 supplemented groups, altering over 10 genera. Bacteria with changed abundance (e.g., Clostridium), known for roles in protein/lipid metabolism, likely contributed to the enhanced nutritional contents. These findings demonstrate the benefits of ω-3 PUFA supplementation in T. molitor rearing and identify associated gut bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Microbiome and Immunity—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 344 KB  
Review
The Potential Risk of Bactrocera dorsalis (Tephritidae) Invasion into the Fruit Industry in the Iberian Peninsula: A Review
by Chandana Dammika Wijekoon, Amílcar Duarte and Luís Neto
Insects 2025, 16(9), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090969 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 559
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered a highly invasive fruit fly species already widespread in Indo-Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, this species has extended its range into new regions previously considered unsuitable, posing an alarming new risk for the [...] Read more.
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered a highly invasive fruit fly species already widespread in Indo-Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, this species has extended its range into new regions previously considered unsuitable, posing an alarming new risk for the subtropical regions of Europe. This review aimed to assess the potential risk of B. dorsalis invasion into the fruit industry in the Iberian Peninsula, the southwesternmost tip of Europe. With the collected information from published scientific knowledge on B. dorsalis’s distribution, biology, climatic tolerance, host plant diversity, and recent invasion pathways, we have provided an assessment of the possibilities of introducing this alarming fruit fly species to the Iberian Peninsula. In this review, we found that B. dorsalis has been recently reported in several adjacent European countries such as France, Italy, and Austria, and it serves as a warning signal to the Iberian Peninsula for the possible risks that this species poses in the future. Considering this persistent threat posed by B. dorsalis, we reviewed its potential future threat by considering the status of the fruit industry and Mediterranean climate in the Iberian Peninsula. We also considered the findings of recent climatic forecasting models. This review provides a theoretical basis for the prospective intrusion of B. dorsalis into the Iberian Peninsula’s fruit industry, as well as the potential impact following its establishment, together with recommendations for restricting the introduction and spread. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
22 pages, 400 KB  
Review
Leveraging Adventive and Endemic Parasitoids Against Polyphagous Agromyzid Leafminers in Australia
by Peter M. Ridland, Elia I. Pirtle, Paul A. Umina and Ary A. Hoffmann
Insects 2025, 16(9), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090968 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 418
Abstract
The recent incursions of three agromyzid leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii) into Australia pose a significant threat to horticultural production. Outbreaks of these polyphagous pests are consistently associated with the disruption of their parasitoids caused by [...] Read more.
The recent incursions of three agromyzid leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii) into Australia pose a significant threat to horticultural production. Outbreaks of these polyphagous pests are consistently associated with the disruption of their parasitoids caused by the widespread use of non-selective insecticides and to increasing pesticide resistance in these agromyzids. An analysis of the international literature for records of parasitoids associated with L. huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii revealed that they are attacked by a similar profile of parasitoid families: Eulophidae (63% of records), Braconidae (19%), Pteromalidae (9%), and Figitidae (8%). Diglyphus isaea, Neochrysocharis formosa and Hemiptarsenus varicornis (all already recorded in Australia) were the most commonly reported parasitoids worldwide. These species, along with Australia’s broader parasitoid fauna, will play an important role in managing invasive Liriomyza species, provided insecticide use does not disrupt their populations. However, key knowledge gaps remain, especially regarding the taxonomy of local parasitoids, their potential use in conservation biocontrol programs, and the local landscape features that support parasitoid populations. The use of various species in augmentative releases is considered, including constraints and opportunities related to strain selection and the potential use of thelytokous strains for mass-rearing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diapause Regulation and Biological Control of Natural Enemy Insects)
17 pages, 1621 KB  
Article
Effect of Diet Compositions on Colony Strength Parameters, and the Enzymatic Activity of Apis mellifera L. During Floral Scarcity
by Shams Ul Islam, Javeria Liaquat, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel, Asim Abbasi, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Muhammad Saqib, Nasir Masood, Nyasha J. Kavhiza, Saba Zafar, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah, Dalal Saad Alharbi and Abeer Hashem
Insects 2025, 16(9), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090967 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Dearth periods associated with less floral resources negatively impact Apis mellifera colony performance. Artificial diets offer nutritional supplements to sustain bee colonies under stressful conditions. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted using various artificial diets (eight diets, including a control diet), formulated with [...] Read more.
Dearth periods associated with less floral resources negatively impact Apis mellifera colony performance. Artificial diets offer nutritional supplements to sustain bee colonies under stressful conditions. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted using various artificial diets (eight diets, including a control diet), formulated with varying quantities of pulses, yeast, fenugreek powder, vegetable oil, dry apricot powder, and powdered sugar. Colony performance of bees subjected to different artificial diets was evaluated based on diet consumption, brood area, adult bee population, worker bee longevity, honey production, and enzymatic activity. Diet-7, which uniquely combined lupin, mung bean, and chickpea flours, proved the most efficacious and was the most consumed diet (84.29 ± 1.61 g), while diet-1 showed the lowest consumption (35.30 ± 1.08 g). Maximum brood area was recorded in colonies which were offered diet-7 (1385.95 ± 14.91 cm2), followed by diet-6, whereas the lowest was observed in the control (831.03 ± 18.95 cm2). The adult bee population was highest in diet-7 (21,594.50 ± 94.55 bees/hive), while lowest in the control (diet-0) (12,625.43 ± 385.06 bees/hive). Worker bee longevity was greatest in diet-7 (49.40 ± 0.41 days) and lowest in the control group (37.01 ± 0.39 days). Honey production was also highest in diet-7 (8.86 ± 0.21 kg), while lowest in the control (2.79 ± 0.35 kg). The results further showed that the enzymatic activities of bees were significantly improved due to diet-7, with the highest values for amylase (48.62 ± 0.23 U/mg), lipase (16.85 ± 0.20 U/mg), proteinase (25.21 ± 0.18 U/mg), and α-glucosidase (39.21 ± 0.21 U/mg). In conclusion, statistical analyses confirmed that diet-7 emerged as the most effective artificial diet, enhancing colony performance across all evaluated parameters. Future research should aim to optimize diet formulations and evaluate their effectiveness on colony health, including gut microbiome and immune function, across different seasons and ecological regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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8 pages, 4451 KB  
Communication
First Report of Two-Spot Cotton Leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula Ishida) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Commercial Cotton in the Southeastern United States
by Isaac L. Esquivel, Tim Bryant, Sean Malone, Alana L. Jacobson, Scott H. Graham, Paulo S. Gimenez-Cremonez, Phillip Roberts, Silvana Paula-Moreas, Dominic Reisig, Anders Huseth, Jeremy Greene, Francis P. F. Reay-Jones and Sally Taylor
Insects 2025, 16(9), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090966 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 706
Abstract
The two-spot cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a polyphagous pest native to the Indian subcontinent, where it is a significant pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench), and other crops. At adult and immature [...] Read more.
The two-spot cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a polyphagous pest native to the Indian subcontinent, where it is a significant pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench), and other crops. At adult and immature stages, they feed on leaf cell contents, causing characteristic “hopperburn” symptoms and yield losses of up to 40% in cotton in its native range. In July 2025, A. biguttula was detected for the first time during the cotton growing season in commercial and experimental fields across multiple counties in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Identification was confirmed through morphological examination of diagnostic external features and male genitalia. Within four weeks, the pest was found in 101 counties, with injury symptoms ranging from mild chlorosis to severe necrosis and defoliation. Given the southeastern United States’ average of 979,339 hectares of cotton valued at USD 1.7–USD 2.8 billion annually, the potential for economic impact is considerable. Rapid symptom development, broad host range, and multiple generations per year underscore the need for coordinated monitoring and research to determine preliminary control measures and to identify potential alternative hosts. This report documents the first confirmed occurrence of A. biguttula in U.S. cotton and highlights its potential as an established recurring pest threat in the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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11 pages, 1999 KB  
Article
Description of a New Species of Mountain Midges (Diptera, Deuterophlebiidae) from Xinjiang, China
by Xin Wang, Minghui Gao, Xinyang Li, Rui Han, Jiayang Feng and Wei Guo
Insects 2025, 16(9), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090965 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
The family Deuterophlebiidae is considered to be the most plesiomorphic Diptera family, with a striking morphology and life history. In this study, we provide detailed descriptions and figures of a new species from Northwestern China: Deuterophlebia shawanensis sp. nov., along with genetic distances [...] Read more.
The family Deuterophlebiidae is considered to be the most plesiomorphic Diptera family, with a striking morphology and life history. In this study, we provide detailed descriptions and figures of a new species from Northwestern China: Deuterophlebia shawanensis sp. nov., along with genetic distances of COI sequences among the eight known Chinese species of Deuterophlebia Edwards, 1922. The genetic distance from others is greater than 0.1. In terms of morphology, the new species could also be distinguished from others by the absence of spines in the mesothorax at the pupal stage and the outward protrusion of the second dorsal view of the mesothorax. As a result, China is currently the country with the highest Deuterophlebia species diversity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diptera Diversity: Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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46 pages, 48442 KB  
Article
How Tropical Biodiversity Gets Multiplied: Documentation of Entomological Proofs from the Family Nepticulidae, Tiny Lepidopteran Leaf Miners
by Jonas R. Stonis, Andrius Remeikis, Arūnas Diškus and Svetlana Orlovskytė
Insects 2025, 16(9), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090964 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
The factors that generate the extraordinary biodiversity of tropical regions are likely multifaceted. In this study, we tested our working hypothesis that a mosaic of contrasting habitats plays a key role in shaping the diversity of tropical pygmy moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). To explore [...] Read more.
The factors that generate the extraordinary biodiversity of tropical regions are likely multifaceted. In this study, we tested our working hypothesis that a mosaic of contrasting habitats plays a key role in shaping the diversity of tropical pygmy moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). To explore this, we selected four ecologically distinct localities in Honduras and investigated whether closely related but distinct Nepticulidae species occur in different habitats. Collected specimens were dissected, and their genital structures photographed and analyzed. Molecular divergence was assessed using DnaSP, with Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees constructed in MEGA. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses and mitotype networks construction (TCS algorithm) were also performed. Our findings are presented in two case studies. In Case Study 1, three closely related yet distinct species were discovered in separate localities; in Case Study 2, four other closely related species were found in environmentally different sites. Comparative material from Colombia and Peru was also examined. Based on integrated morphological and molecular analyses, eight new species were identified and formally described. We conclude that contrasting environmental conditions exert selective pressures, and that morphologically and genetically similar species—likely derived from a common ancestor—have diverged, exemplifying the process of adaptive radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)
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14 pages, 262 KB  
Article
From Disgust to Curiosity: Investigating Saudi University Students’ Willingness and Attitudes Toward Edible Insects as an Alternative Protein Source
by Hala Hazam Al-Otaibi and Samar Refat Alabdulmohsen
Insects 2025, 16(9), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090963 - 13 Sep 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Introduction: With global protein demand rising, edible insects offer a nutrient-rich and environmentally sustainable alternative protein source that could help address both dietary and ecological challenges. This study investigates the attitudes, perceptions, and willingness of Saudi university students to consume edible insects (entomophagy) [...] Read more.
Introduction: With global protein demand rising, edible insects offer a nutrient-rich and environmentally sustainable alternative protein source that could help address both dietary and ecological challenges. This study investigates the attitudes, perceptions, and willingness of Saudi university students to consume edible insects (entomophagy) as an alternative protein source, with implications for public health, nutrition, and food security across the Arab region. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1711 students (34.4% men, 65.6% women) from multiple Saudi universities. The Eating Attitudes Questionnaire (EAQ) assessed disgust, interest, and attitudes toward using insect-based feed for animals, as well as measures of environmental concern, health risk beliefs, and social influences. Results: Significant gender differences were observed in willingness: men reported higher willingness to consume edible insects (21.1%) compared with women (8.5%). They also reported lower disgust scores, higher interest, greater environmental concern, and lower health risk beliefs. Regression analysis showed that positive attitudes toward using insects as animal feed, interest, environmental concern, and social influences were strong predictors of willingness, whereas disgust and health risk beliefs were negative predictors. Previous experience, familiarity, and religious beliefs were not significant predictors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions that reduce psychological barriers and promote willingness to try edible insects, thereby contributing to Saudi Arabia’s efforts to strengthen food security and advance sustainable nutrition strategies within the kingdom and the broader Arab region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as Functional Food Ingredients)
22 pages, 4562 KB  
Article
Adaptation to Hot and Humid Climates in the Silkworm: Energy Reallocation and Cuticle Transpiration
by Jiajun Zhuo, Yuli Zhang, Xing Gao, Cailin Liang, Guizheng Zhang, Lihui Bi, Wei Wei, Shoumin Fang, Xiaoling Tong, Fangyin Dai, Cheng Lu and Quanyou Yu
Insects 2025, 16(9), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090962 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 470
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is rich in germplasm resources, including thermotolerant strains that live in tropical/subtropical humid climates. In this study, two thermotolerant strains and one sensitive strain were used as materials, with the former exhibiting higher critical thermal maximum (CTmax) [...] Read more.
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is rich in germplasm resources, including thermotolerant strains that live in tropical/subtropical humid climates. In this study, two thermotolerant strains and one sensitive strain were used as materials, with the former exhibiting higher critical thermal maximum (CTmax) values. Under different temperature and humidity stresses, physiological and transcriptomic responses of the fifth instar larvae were compared. It was confirmed that high humidity exacerbates harmful effects only under high temperature conditions. Based on transcriptome and co-expression network analysis, 88 evolved thermoplastic genes (Evo_TPGs) and 1338 evolved non-plastic genes (Evo_non-PGs) were identified, which exhibited specific responses or expressions in the two thermotolerant strains. Eighteen of the Evo_TPGs encode cuticular proteins, 17 of which were specifically downregulated in the two thermotolerant strains after short-term exposure to 35 °C. This may promote cuticular transpiration to dissipate internal heat, thus compensating for the suppression of tracheal ventilation in hot and humid climates. For the Evo_non-PGs, most of the metabolic genes showed lower expression at background levels in the thermotolerant strains, while oxidative stress genes showed the opposite trend, suggesting that silkworms can enhance heat tolerance by suppressing metabolic rates and allocating more resources to overcome heat-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, the heat resistance-related genes showed higher single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between resistant and sensitive strains compared to randomly selected genes, suggesting that they may have been subjected to natural selection. Through long-term adaptive evolution, thermotolerant silkworms may reduce their internal temperature by dynamically regulating cuticle respiration in response to high temperature and humidity, while allocating more energy to cope with and repair heat-induced damage. Overall, these findings provide insights into the evolution of heat-resistant adaptations to climate change in insects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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14 pages, 3924 KB  
Article
Morphology and Olfactory Recognition of Leg Sensilla in Honeybee Workers of Apis cerana cerana
by Huiman Zhang, Lele Sun, Peng Wang, Jiaoxin Xie and Yuan Guo
Insects 2025, 16(9), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090961 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 429
Abstract
Apis cerana cerana is a key social insect, and its ability to recognize chemical signals is crucial for maintaining colony homeostasis and coordinating collective behaviors, such as foraging, nursing, and defense. The legs of insects play a significant role in gustatory perception and [...] Read more.
Apis cerana cerana is a key social insect, and its ability to recognize chemical signals is crucial for maintaining colony homeostasis and coordinating collective behaviors, such as foraging, nursing, and defense. The legs of insects play a significant role in gustatory perception and proximity olfactory perception. In this study, the leg sensilla of A. c. cerana were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two types of sensilla were observed, including sensilla trichodea (Str I, Str II, Str III, Str IV, Str V, and Str VI) and sensilla chaetica (Sch I, Sch II, and Sch III). The two unique structures of the tibial spur (Tsp I, Tsp II) and antennal brush (Abr) are carefully observed. The electrophysiological responses of workers at different ages to diverse chemical compounds were measured via electrolegogram (ELG) recordings on their legs. The results showed that 1-day-old A. c. cerana was more sensitive to nonanal; 10-day-old and 25-day-old A. c. cerana were more sensitive to ocimene. The results of behavioral responses showed that nonanal and ocimene can significantly attract 10-day-old workers of A. c. cerana. This study establishes a foundation for further exploration of the mechanisms by which the legs of A. c. cerana facilitate colony-level communication through chemical signals. It also provides an important theoretical basis for understanding their social organization and information transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)
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