Sensorimotor Processing in Elite and Sub-Elite Adolescent Sprinters during Sprint Starts: An Electrophysiological Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Performance Assessment
2.3. Electrophysiological Recordings
2.3.1. Auditory and Visual Evoked Potentials
2.3.2. Brain Activities and Audiomotor Reaction Time during Sprint Start
2.4. Data Processing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Variation of Auditory and Visual Evoked Potentials
3.3. Alternations of Brain Activities Following Three Commands during a Sprint Start
3.4. Alternations of Audiomotor Reaction Time Following the Gunshot Cue of a Sprint Start
3.5. Correlations of Electrophysiological Measurements and Adolescent Athlete’s Race Time
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elite Group | Sub-Elite Group | a p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 7) | Male (n = 9) | Female (n = 6) | Male (n = 7) | Group | Sex | Group × Sex | |
Age (years) | 14.71 ± 1.25 | 15.00 ± 1.12 | 14.00 ± 1.10 | 14.43 ± 0.79 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.86 |
Height (cm) | 162.71 ± 6.48 | 171.40 ± 5.11 # | 160.17 ± 8.13 | 166.57 ± 8.73 # | 0.18 | <0.01 | 0.67 |
Weight (Kg) | 48.86 ± 6.44 | 61.11 ± 4.78 # | 47.67 ± 6.68 | 65.06 ± 7.27 # | 0.71 | <0.01 | 0.50 |
BMI | 18.37 ± 1.15 | 20.78 ± 0.96 # | 18.52 ± 1.70 | 23.17 ± 4.74 # | 0.20 | <0.01 | 0.25 |
100 m race time (s) | 12.77 ± 0.11 † | 11.50 ± 0.10 #,† | 13.62 ± 0.13 | 12.50 ± 0.17 # | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.52 |
Elite Group | Sub-Elite Group | F Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (N = 7) | Male (N = 9) | Female (N = 6) | Male (N = 7) | Group | Sex | Group × Sex | ||
Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) | ||||||||
Short-latency | Wave I | 1.83 ± 0.40 | 1.96 ± 0.34 | 1.87 ± 0.29 | 1.95 ± 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.04 |
Wave II | 2.90 ± 0.50 | 2.91 ± 0.40 | 2.81 ± 0.53 | 3.06 ± 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.55 | 0.44 | |
Wave III | 3.65 ± 0.56 | 4.18 ± 0.24 # | 3.79 ± 0.34 | 3.96 ± 0.26 | 0.09 | 6.74 ‡ | 1.71 | |
Wave IV | 4.77 ± 0.41 | 5.48 ± 0.43 # | 4.55 ± 0.44 | 4.85 ± 0.38 † | 7.36 ‡ | 10.77 ‡ | 1.68 | |
Wave V | 5.92 ± 0.27 | 6.19 ± 0.46 | 5.73 ± 0.17 | 5.95 ± 0.08 # | 3.61 | 4.74 ‡ | 0.04 | |
Mid-latency | P0 | 11.63 ± 0.74 | 12.08 ± 0.64 | 12.02 ± 0.74 | 12.84 ± 0.88 | 4.28 ‡ | 5.18 ‡ | 0.45 |
Na | 15.92 ± 1.28 | 17.36 ± 1.51 | 16.28 ± 0.95 | 17.61 ± 0.93 # | 0.43 | 9.04 ‡ | 0.01 | |
Pa | 21.36 ± 2.74 | 21.59 ± 2.31 | 20.99 ± 0.74 | 22.27 ± 0.81 # | 0.05 | 1.06 | 0.52 | |
Nb | 38.13 ± 2.40 | 38.87 ± 1.15 | 39.03 ± 1.60 | 40.13 ± 1.23 | 3.11 | 2.23 | 0.08 | |
Pb | 61.84 ± 9.01 | 62.08 ± 16.27 | 60.29 ± 14.52 | 64.74 ± 15.57 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 5.32 ‡ | |
Long-latency | N1 | 84.16 ± 9.71 | 79.17 ± 17.95 | 82.72 ± 15.16 | 77.31 ± 18.95 | 0.08 | 0.74 | 0.00 |
P2 | 123.18 ± 11.34 | 108.56 ± 14.76 | 114.32 ± 10.66 | 112.35 ± 15.20 | 0.26 | 2.73 | 1.59 | |
N2 | 173.57 ± 25.71 | 154.83 ± 13.78 | 168.75 ± 9.59 † | 167.43 ± 17.81 | 0.34 | 2.27 | 1.71 | |
P3 | 218.71 ± 15.26 | 226.17 ± 22.81 | 245.50 ± 27.55 | 248.36 ± 27.83 | 7.60 ‡ | 0.34 | 0.07 | |
Visual evoked potential (VEP) | ||||||||
N75 | 84.29 ± 6.66 | 87.03 ± 5.69 | 84.43 ± 5.38 | 85.44 ± 5.45 | 0.11 | 0.74 | 0.16 | |
P100 | 109.16 ± 7.64 | 110.17 ± 6.78 | 109.56 ± 5.95 | 111.78 ± 5.77 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.06 | |
N145 | 146.86 ± 21.61 | 141.83 ± 16.01 | 141.00 ± 19.66 | 144.79 ± 10.68 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.46 |
Within Subjects Comparison | Between Subjects Comparison | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Signal Input (Time) | Time | Time × Group | Time × Gender | Time × Gender × Group | Group | Gender | Group × Gender | |||||||
Wave | Group | Sex | N | Ready | Set | Gunshot | F Value | F Value | F Value | F Value | F Value | F Value | F Value | |
N1 | Latency | Elite | Female | 7 | 75.13 ± 7.37 | 76.15 ± 5.36 | 75.75 ± 7.08 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 1.19 | 1.26 |
(ms) | Male | 9 | 75.69 ± 4.80 | 76.31 ± 6.86 | 75.15 ± 7.27 | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 75.29 ± 12.97 | 79.54 ± 6.68 | 76.75 ± 10.85 | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 73.89 ± 7.41 | 73.80 ± 6.29 | 75.05 ± 8.73 | ||||||||||
Amplitude | Elite | Female | 7 | 18.31 ± 16.15 | 17.22 ± 12.09 | 2.64 ± 16.09 * | 1.69 | 0.51 | 1.55 | 1.35 | 0.80 | 0.06 | 0.73 | |
(μV) | Male | 9 | 8.96 ± 24.47 | 16.02 ± 10.51 | 5.32 ± 21.20 | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 13.50 ± 26.90 † | 8.29 ± 6.53 | 16.91 ± 16.88 | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 9.10 ± 20.20 | 14.17 ± 12.09 | 9.33 ± 17.51 | ||||||||||
P2 | Latency | Elite | Female | 7 | 114.89 ± 10.78 | 117.13 ± 10.79 | 111.89 ± 13.48 | 0.26 | 4.48 ‡ | 0.45 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 1.16 | 0.02 |
(ms) | Male | 9 | 115.98 ± 12.14 | 112.56 ± 9.83 | 109.44 ± 12.61 | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 111.08 ± 22.48 | 108.50 ± 21.20 | 119.83 ± 16.55 | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 108.86 ± 11.36 | 109.75 ± 9.03 † | 113.07 ± 15.15 | ||||||||||
Amplitude | Elite | Female | 7 | 46.14 ± 29.66 | 10.21 ± 16.70 * | 27.17 ± 27.57 | 9.96 ‡ | 1.01 | 1.70 | 2.09 | 4.62 ‡ | 0.52 | 0.00 | |
(μV) | Male | 9 | 47.71 ± 12.50 | 7.45 ± 20.70 | 16.46 ± 23.41 * | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 20.18 ± 10.95 | 21.27 ± 16.76 † | 16.25 ± 19.04 | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 29.20 ± 27.96 | 21.45 ± 21.77 | 17.87 ± 14.06 | ||||||||||
N2 | Latency | Elite | Female | 7 | 156.32 ± 8.10 | 155.12 ± 11.09 | 156.63 ± 14.70 | 1.06 | 0.42 | 0.60 | 1.84 | 0.01 | 1.12 | 1.15 |
(ms) | Male | 9 | 158.50 ± 14.25 | 155.66 ± 15.12 | 154.03 ± 16.58 | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 163.71 ± 16.76 | 161.29 ± 20.48 | 149.50 ± 21.41 | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 163.06 ± 8.90 | 162.94 ± 13.11 | 154.82 ± 12.12 | ||||||||||
Amplitude | Elite | Female | 7 | 20.52 ± 17.48 | 20.82 ± 25.45 | 20.52 ± 22.98 | 1.00 | 3.33 ‡ | 0.35 | 1.88 | 1.87 | 0.04 | 0.13 | |
(μV) | Male | 9 | 22.88 ± 23.61 | 14.08 ± 16.84 | 28.21 ± 22.49 | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 37.81 ± 21.74 | 34.23 ± 22.67 | 24.14 ± 31.69 | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 24.08 ± 22.90 | 49.03 ± 12.22 | 12.28 ± 19.76 | ||||||||||
P3 | Latency | Elite | Female | 7 | 215.77 ± 27.29 | 235.49 ± 22.83 | 230.06 ± 22.85 | 4.53 ‡ | 1.24 | 0.76 | 1.75 | 2.71 | 1.38 | 1.64 |
(ms) | Male | 9 | 221.22 ± 22.20 | 231.74 ± 21.23 | 229.80 ± 26.09 | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 244.67 ± 11.88 | 250.25 ± 24.97 | 225.83 ± 24.58 | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 235.56 ± 18.95 | 242.99 ± 21.30 | 229.12 ± 18.64 | ||||||||||
Amplitude | Elite | Female | 7 | 60.55 ± 25.50 | 50.11 ± 10.47 | 25.54 ± 12.41 * | 11.32 ‡ | 0.75 | 0.23 | 3.66 ‡ | 0.06 | 0.00 | 1.90 | |
(μV) | Male | 9 | 58.76 ± 28.92 | 26.81 ± 11.78 *# | 24.71 ± 21.96 * | |||||||||
Subelite | Female | 6 | 54.53 ± 25.00 | 21.29 ± 11.36 | 38.95 ± 17.35 † | |||||||||
Male | 7 | 57.30 ± 35.80 | 52.28 ± 15.82 | 31.13 ± 26.87 |
Elite Group | Sub-Elite Group | Group | Sex | Group × Sex | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 7) | Male (n = 9) | Female (n = 6) | Male (n = 7) | F Value | F Value | F Value | ||
Premotor time (ms) | Upper extremity | 399.71 ± 29.99 | 449.96 ± 30.07 # | 475.87 ± 33.17 † | 457.27 ± 79.55 | 5.51 ‡ | 0.79 | 3.75 |
Lower extremity | 394.48 ± 51.81 | 434.71 ± 27.2 | 477.38 ± 45.80 † | 402.89 ± 39.43 # | 2.77 | 1.25 | 13.96 ‡ | |
Motor time (ms) | Upper extremity | 240.39 ± 38.17 | 235.95 ± 34.49 | 255.57 ± 66.43 | 230.68 ± 32.74 | 0.09 | 0.82 | 0.40 |
Lower extremity | 246.42 ± 54.51 | 244.03 ± 88.99 | 301.27 ± 42.20 | 256.71 ± 45.30 | 1.98 | 0.95 | 0.77 | |
Total reaction time (ms) | Upper extremity | 640.1 ± 54.03 | 685.90 ± 52.33 | 731.43 ± 66.65 † | 687.95 ± 94.99 | 3.34 | 0.00 | 3.06 |
Lower extremity | 640.9 ± 80.40 | 678.74 ± 104.59 | 778.65 ± 57.36 † | 659.60 ± 77.85 # | 3.48 | 1.63 | 6.10 ‡ |
Elite Female Sprinter | Elite Male Sprinter | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | |||
Evoked potentials | Short-term auditory evoked potentials | Wave I | −0.24 | 0.60 | 0.78 ** | 0.01 |
Wave II | 0.08 | 0.87 | 0.82 ** | 0.01 | ||
Wave III | −0.16 | 0.73 | 0.36 | 0.35 | ||
Wave IV | 0.52 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.94 | ||
Wave V | 0.84 * | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.41 | ||
Mid-term auditory evoked potentials | P0 | −0.78 * | 0.04 | −0.52 | 0.16 | |
Na | −0.56 | 0.19 | 0.59 | 0.09 | ||
Pa | −0.01 | 0.98 | 0.62 | 0.08 | ||
Nb | 0.37 | 0.41 | −0.09 | 0.81 | ||
Pb | −0.59 | 0.16 | −0.03 | 0.95 | ||
Long-term auditory evoked potentials | N1 | −0.27 | 0.56 | 0.04 | 0.91 | |
P2 | −0.21 | 0.65 | 0.46 | 0.21 | ||
N2 | 0.26 | 0.57 | −0.27 | 0.48 | ||
P3 | −0.57 | 0.18 | −0.50 | 0.18 | ||
Visual evoked potentials | N75 | −0.09 | 0.84 | −0.42 | 0.27 | |
P100 | −0.47 | 0.29 | −0.36 | 0.34 | ||
N145 | 0.06 | 0.89 | −0.08 | 0.83 | ||
Electroencephalography | Ready | N1 | −0.64 | 0.12 | −0.27 | 0.49 |
P2 | −0.27 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.62 | ||
N2 | −0.04 | 0.93 | −0.34 | 0.37 | ||
P3 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.36 | 0.34 | ||
Set | N1 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 0.13 | |
P2 | −0.24 | 0.61 | −0.16 | 0.69 | ||
N2 | −0.77 * | 0.04 | −0.15 | 0.71 | ||
P3 | −0.71 | 0.07 | 0.59 | 0.10 | ||
Gunshot | N1 | 0.31 | 0.49 | 0.31 | 0.41 | |
P2 | 0.23 | 0.62 | −0.13 | 0.74 | ||
N2 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.94 | ||
P3 | 0.33 | 0.48 | −0.18 | 0.64 | ||
Electromyography | Upper extremity | Premotor time | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
Motor time | −0.08 | 0.87 | −0.49 | 0.18 | ||
Total motor time | 0.09 | 0.86 | −0.32 | 0.41 | ||
Lower extremity | Premotor time | 0.48 | 0.27 | −0.18 | 0.64 | |
Motor time | −0.05 | 0.92 | −0.40 | 0.29 | ||
Total motor time | 0.28 | 0.55 | −0.38 | 0.31 |
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Hsieh, Y.-L.; Yen, S.-W.; Chang, C.-M.; Li, W.-C.; Yang, N.-P.; Chen, H.-Y. Sensorimotor Processing in Elite and Sub-Elite Adolescent Sprinters during Sprint Starts: An Electrophysiological Study. Sports 2024, 12, 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080222
Hsieh Y-L, Yen S-W, Chang C-M, Li W-C, Yang N-P, Chen H-Y. Sensorimotor Processing in Elite and Sub-Elite Adolescent Sprinters during Sprint Starts: An Electrophysiological Study. Sports. 2024; 12(8):222. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080222
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsieh, Yueh-Ling, Shiuk-Wen Yen, Chia-Ming Chang, Wei-Chun Li, Nian-Pu Yang, and Han-Yu Chen. 2024. "Sensorimotor Processing in Elite and Sub-Elite Adolescent Sprinters during Sprint Starts: An Electrophysiological Study" Sports 12, no. 8: 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080222