Effect of Strength and Endurance Training Sequence on Endurance Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Review Process
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Data Extraction
2.6. Participants
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Maximal Oxygen Uptake
3.3. Other Endurance Measures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PICOS | Inclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Participants | Participants of any age or fitness level. Exclusion of participants with any diagnosis, illness, or injury. |
Interventions | Training intervention studies with a minimum duration of eight weeks, comparing concurrent endurance and strength training sequence. |
Comparisons | Studies comparing a strength–endurance sequence (e.g., resistance training followed by endurance training) with an endurance–strength sequence (e.g., endurance training followed by resistance training). |
Outcomes | Studies must investigate at least one endurance performance parameter or an endurance performance test. |
Study design | Training intervention studies of at least eight weeks, comparing ER and RE sequences. No age or fitness restrictions. Excluded studies with diagnosed illnesses or injuries and those investigating acute effects. |
Banitalebi et al. (2016) [25] | C Lee et al. (2020) [26] | Cadore et al. (2012) [27] | Chtara et al. (2005) [28] | Davitt et al. (2014) [29] | Eklund et al. (2016) [30] | Küüsmaa et al. (2016) [31] | Küüsmaa-Schildt et al. (2017) [32] | Ruiz-Alias et al. (2022) [33] | Schumann et al. (2014) [34] | Schumann et al. (2015) [35] | Tarasi et al. (2011) [36] | Wilhelm et al. (2014) [37] | Salamat. (2017) [38] | Esazadeh et al. (2020) [39] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | Total score, Criterion↓ |
+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Eligibility criteria were specified |
+ | ? | + | ÷ | + | ? | ÷ | ÷ | ? | ? | ? | + | ? | + | ? | Subjects were randomly allocated to groups |
÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | Allocation was concealed |
? | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Groups were similar at baseline |
n/a | Blinding of subjects | ||||||||||||||
n/a | Blinding of therapists | ||||||||||||||
n/a | Blinding of assessors | ||||||||||||||
+ | + | + | + | ÷ | + | ÷ | + | + | ÷ | ÷ | + | ÷ | ? | + | Key outcome measured for ≥85% of the subjects |
+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Treatment allocated as intended |
+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Between-group measure |
+ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ÷ | + | + | + | Point and variability measure |
Study | ER/Week | RE/Week | Endurance Training Mode/Strength Training | ER Protocol | RE Protocol | Sequence/Transfer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Banitalebi et al. (2016) [25] | 3 | 3 | Ergometer cycling Whole-body strength training | 10 min warm up and cool down. 16 min at 45% of VO2max, progressing to 30 min by the end of the training protocol. | 10 min warm up and cool down, 50 min exercise. Bench press, leg press, bent over lateral pulldown, bilateral biceps curl and bilateral triceps push down. Performed at 40% of 1 RM the first week, progressing to 75% of 1 RM during the eight weeks. | 2 min between sessions |
C Lee et al. (2020) [26] | 3 | 3 | Ergometer cycling Whole-body strength training | Warm up: 5 min at 75 watts. HIIT: 8–13 × 2 min at 85–97% of VO2peak. 1 min rest between intervals. | Warm up: 5 reps at~75% of training load. Main part: 3–4 sets of 12–6 repetitions, with 2 min rest. All sets were max reps for given load. Exercises session one: Leg press, bench press, seated row, leg extension, leg curl Exercises session two: Leg press, dumbbell chest press, lat. pulldown, lunges, leg curl | 3 h between sessions |
Cadore et al. (2012) [27] | 3 | 3 | Ergometer cycling Whole-body strength training | Ergometer cycling. First two weeks: 20 min at 80% of HRVT2, progressing to 25 min at 85–90% in week 5–6, and 30 min at 90% on week 7–10, and in week 11–12 40 min at 100%. | Bench press, inclined leg-press, seated row, knee extension, inverse fly, leg curl, triceps curl, biceps curl and abdominal exercises. Week 1–2: 2 sets of 18–20 RM, week 3–4: 2 sets of 15–17 RM, week 5–7: 2 sets of 12–14 RM, week 8–10: 3 sets of 8–10 RM, week 11–12: 3 sets of 6–8 RM. 1.5–2 min recovery between sets | Same session |
Chtara et al. (2005) [28] | 2 | 2 | Running Whole-body strength training | Interval: five times 50% of TTE duration at 100% of vVO2max, with same duration active recovery at 60% of vVO2max. | 15–20 min warm up. Exercises: Abdominal strengthening, hip extension, back extensors, half squats, forward alternated arm flexions, forward walking slits. 6 exercises, 30–40 s work/20–30 s rest. 4 series, with 2 min rest between series. | N/A |
Davitt et al. (2014) [29] | 4 | 4 | N/A Whole-body strength training | 30 min of moderate to moderate–high intensity at 70–80% HR reserve. | Chest and back, shoulders and arms, lower body. 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions for 5–6 different exercises using a load equal to 90–100% of 10 RM. 60–90 s rest between sets. | No more than 5 min |
Eklund et al. (2016) [30] | 2→3 | 2→3 | Ergometer cycling Lower-body strength training | 30 min of cycling at 65% of Wmax. | Leg press. Explosive strength: (3 × 10 repetitions at 40% 1 RM with 3 min rest between sets), maximal strength (4–3 × 3 repetitions at 75–90% 1 RM with 3 min rest between sets), Hypertrophy training: (4–3 × 10 repetitions at 75–80% 1 RM with 2 min rest between sets) | 5–10 min |
Küüsmaa et al. (2016) [31] | 2→3 | 2→3 | Ergometer cycling Whole–body strength training | 30–50 min sessions. Interval: 4 × 4 min at 85–100% of HRmax with 4 min of active recovery at 70% of HRmax. Continuous training: at 65–80% of HRmax. One extra interval session was added in the last 12 weeks. | 3 lower body and 4–5 upper body exercises. Week 1–4: muscular endurance 40–70% 1 RM. Week 5–8: Hypertrophy training 70–85% of 1 RM. Week 9–12: Hypertrophy and maximal strength 75–95% of 1 RM. Week 13–24: Same program with intensity adjusted to match current strength level. | No more than 5–10 min |
Küüsmaa-Schildt et al. (2017) [32] | 2→3 | 2→3 | Ergometer cycling Whole-body strength training | 30–50 min sessions. Interval: 4 × 4 min at 85–100% of HRmax with 4 min of active recovery at 70% of HRmax. Continuous training: at 65–80% of HRmax. One extra interval session was added in the last 12 weeks. | 3 lower body and 4–5 upper body exercises. Week 1–4: muscular endurance 2–3 sets of 10–20 reps at 40–70% 1 RM. Week 5–8: Hypertrophy training 3–4 sets of 10–15 reps at 70–85% of 1 RM. Week 9–12: Hypertrophy and maximal strength 3–5 sets of 3–8 reps at 75–95% of 1 RM. Week 13–24: Same program with intensity adjusted to match current strength level. | No more than 5–10 min |
Ruiz-Alias et al. (2022) [33] | 3 | 3 | Running Whole-body strength training | Sprint interval training. Week 1–2: 4 × 30 sec all out, 4 min active recovery. Week 3–4: 5 × 30 sec all out, 4 min active recovery. Week 5–8: 6 × 30 sec all out, 4 min active recovery. | Bench press and back squat. Week 1–2: 4–5 sets at 60% 1 RM, 5–6 RIR Week 3–4: 5–6 sets at 70% 1 RM, 3–4 RIR Week 1–2: 5–6 sets at 80% 1 RM, 2–3 RIR Week 1–2: 6 sets at 80% 1 RM, 1–2 RIR 2 min rest between sets | 10 min |
Schumann et al. (2014) [34] | 2→3 | 2→3 | Ergometer cycling Whole-body strength training | Week 1–7 steady state < 65–67% HRmax. Week 8–24: high intensity interval training was added. Session duration: 30–50 min. Habitual physical activity was maintained throughout the study. | Exercises: Leg press, knee extension, vertical press, lat pulldown, and core exercises. Week 1–2: 2–4 sets of 15–20 reps at 40–60% of 1 RM. Remaining weeks: Hypertrophy training 2–5 sets of 8–10 reps at 80–85% of 1 RM, or maximal strength: 2–5 sets of 3–5 reps at 85–95% of 1 RM. 1.5–4 min rest between sets. | No more than 10 min |
Schumann et al. (2015) [35] | 2→3 | 2→3 | Ergometer cycling Whole-body strength training | Week 1–7 steady state <65–67% HRmax. Week 8–24: high-intensity interval training was added. Session duration: 30–50 min. Habitual physical activity was maintained throughout the study. | Exercises: leg press, knee extension, vertical press, lat pulldown, and core exercises. Week 1–2: 2–4 sets of 15–20 reps at 40–60% of 1 RM. Remaining weeks: Hypertrophy training 2–5 sets of 8–10 reps at 80–85% of 1 RM, or maximal strength: 2–5 sets of 3–5 reps at 85–95% of 1 RM. 1.5–4 min rest between sets. | No more than 10 min |
Tarasi et al. (2011) [36] | N/A | N/A | Running Whole-body strength training | 10 min warm up. Duration and intensity progressed from 16–30 min and 65–80% of HRmax. 10 min cool down. | 10 min warm up. Exercises: leg press, chest press, half squats, sit-ups. 2–3 sets per exercise, intensity progressing from 50% 1 RM to 80% 1 RM, with reps decreasing from 10–6. 60–90 s rest between sets. 10 min cool down. | N/A |
Wilhelm et al. (2014) [37] | 2 | 2 | Ergometer cycling Whole-body strength training | Week 1–3: 20 min at 85% HRVT2. Week 4–6: 30 min at 85% HRVT2. Week 7–9: 30 min at 95% HRVT2. Week 10–12: 40 min at 95% HRVT2. | Exercises: lat pulldown, bench press, elbow extension, bicep curls, leg press, knee extension, and knee flexion. Week 1–3: 2 × 15–18 RM. Week 4–6: 2 × 12–15 RM. Week 7–9: 3 × 10–12 RM. Week 10–12: 3 × 8–10 RM. 1–2 min rest between sets. | 5 min |
Salamat et al. (2017) [38] | 3 | 3 | Treadmill running. Whole-body strength training | 55% of HRmax for 25 min progressing to 85% for 45 min at the end of the protocol. | Bench press, biceps and triceps flexion–extension with weights, underhand cable pulldown, leg press and core exercises, which were performed with 50 to 80% of 1-RM, increasing intensity with 10% every 2 weeks | 10 min active rest |
Esazadeh et al. 2020 [39] | 3 | 3 | N/A Whole-body strength training | 15 min warm up First sessions were 20 min at 65% HRmax, then progress to 40 min at 80% by the end of the training protocol | 15 min warm-up, 45 min exercise. Exercises: biceps curl, triceps pushdown, lat pulldown, lateral raise, incline chest press, leg extension, leg curl and calf raise. 3–5 min rest between sets. | 10 min |
Study | ER N= | RE N= | Mean Age | Training Status and Description | Duration Weeks | ER vs. RE | Results (% Change of Mean Average) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Banitalebi et al. (2016) [25] | 9 ♀ | 10 ♀ | 60.34 | Healthy | 8 | ER < RE | VO2max: ER ↑17% ** RE ↑29.3% **§ |
C Lee et al. (2020) [26] | 10 ♂ | 10 ♂ | 24.5 ±4.7 | Moderately healthy | 8 | ER = RE | VO2peak: ER ↑11% *, RE ↑10% * MAP: ER ↑22.3% *, RE ↑18.7% * LT: ER ↑15.7% *, RE ↑15.1% * |
Cadore et al. (2012) [27] | 13 ♂ | 13 ♂ | 64.7 ±4.1 | Healthy | 12 | ER = RE | VO2peak: ER ↑8.3% **, RE ↑7.7% ** Wmax: ER ↑24.1% **, RE ↑18.9% ** |
Chtara et al. (2005) [28] | 10 ♂ | 10 ♂ | 21.4 ±1.3 | Sports students | 12 | ER > RE | VO2max: ER ↑13.6% **§, RE ↑10.7% ** TT (time): ER ↓8.6% **§, RE ↓ 4.6% * TTE: ER ↑33.4% **, RE ↑25.9% ** vVO2max: ER↑10.4% **§, RE ↑8.2% ** |
Davitt et al. (2014) [29] | 13 ♀ | 10 ♀ | 19.8 | Inactive college students | 8 | ER = RE | VO2max: ER ↑15.8% * RE ↑15.5% * |
Eklund et al. (2016) [30] | 15 ♀ | 14 ♀ | 18–40 | Untrained | 24 | ER = RE | Wmax: ER ↑ 21% ** RE ↑16% ** |
Küüsmaa et al. (2016) [31] | 21 ♂ | 21 ♂ | Young men | Untrained | 24 | ER > RE | TTE: mER ↑19.7% ** (§ vs. eRE), mRE: ↑19.4% ** eER ↑26.9% **§, eRE ↑18.2% ** |
Küüsmaa-Schildt et al. (2017) [32] | 20 ♂ | 21 ♂ | 32.3 ±5.6 | Physically active, healthy | 24 | ER > RE | Wmax: mER ↑21.6% **§, mRE ↑14.9% ** eER ↑20.5% **, eRE ↑15.5% ** (eER: § from eRE week 13–24) |
Ruiz-Alias et al. (2022) [33] | 4♂ + 5♀ | 8♂ + 3♀ | 21 | Healthy young adults | 8 | ER = RE | VO2peak ER ↑9.1% ** RE ↑3.3% |
Schumann et al. (2014) [34] | 16 ♂ | 18 ♂ | 30 ± 5 | Healthy | 24 | ER = RE | VO2max: ER ↑6.1% *, RE ↑6.4% ** TTE: ER ↑9% **, RE ↑10% ** MAP: ER ↑13% **, RE ↑16% ** |
Schumann et al. (2015) [35] | 16♂ + 15♀ | 18♂ + 13♀ | 30 | Healthy | 24 | ER = RE | (♂) VO2peak: ER ↑5.7% *, RE ↑6.6% * (♀) VO2peak: ER ↑10.7% *, RE ↑9.2% * (♂) Wmax: ER ↑11.9% *, RE ↑15.9% * (♀) Wmax: ER ↑20% *, RE ↑15.4% * |
Tarasi et al. (2011) [36] | 10 ♂ | 10 ♂ | 17.22 ± 0.94 | High school students | 8 | ER = RE | VO2max: ER ↑3.69% * RE ↑3.75% ** |
Wilhelm et al. (2014) [37] | 11 ♂ | 12 ♂ | 65.4 | Healthy | 12 | ER = RE | VO2peak: ER ↑6.9% *, RE ↑8.9% * VT2: ER ↑8.5% *, RE ↑7.2% * TTE: ER ↑9.9% *, RE ↑9.3% * |
Salamat et al. (2017) [38] | 13 ♂ | 13 ♂ | N/A | Young healthy | 8 | ER = RE | VO2max: ER ↑21.77% * RE ↑15.64% * |
Esazadeh et al. 2020 [39] | 11 ♀ | 10 ♀ | N/A | Postmenopausal women | 8 | ER = RE | 6 min walk test: ER ↑11.87% * RE ↑7.73% * |
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Vikestad, V.; Dalen, T. Effect of Strength and Endurance Training Sequence on Endurance Performance. Sports 2024, 12, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080226
Vikestad V, Dalen T. Effect of Strength and Endurance Training Sequence on Endurance Performance. Sports. 2024; 12(8):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080226
Chicago/Turabian StyleVikestad, Vidar, and Terje Dalen. 2024. "Effect of Strength and Endurance Training Sequence on Endurance Performance" Sports 12, no. 8: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12080226