Unveiling Players’ Perceptions of Mother- and Father-Initiated Motivational Climates and Fear of Failure in Youth Male Team Sports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measurement Instruments
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations, Directions for Future Research, and Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate | M ± Sd | α | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||
Fear of Failure | Experiencing Shame and Embarrassment | −0.148 ** | 0.066 | 0.341 *** | −0.176 ** | 0.425 *** | 0.347 *** | 2.56 ± 0.9 | 0.830 |
Devaluing One’s Self-estimate | −0.191 *** | −0.001 | 0.377 *** | −0.232 *** | 0.467 *** | 0.365 *** | 2.18 ± 1.0 | 0.720 | |
Having an Uncertain Future | −0.115 * | 0.036 | 0.382 *** | −0.145 ** | 0.463 *** | 0.364 *** | 2.20 ± 1.0 | 0.601 | |
Important Others Losing Interest | −0.268 *** | 0.108 * | 0.433 *** | −0.312 *** | 0.593 *** | 0.465 *** | 1.97 ± 1.0 | 0.883 | |
Upsetting Important Others | −0.172 ** | 0.086 | 0.355 *** | −0.201 *** | 0.565 *** | 0.372 *** | 2.16 ± 0.9 | 0.751 | |
M ± Sd | 4.19 ± 0.7 | 2.04 ± 0.9 | 2.16 ± 1.0 | 4.26 ± 0.7 | 2.04 ± 0.9 | 2.15 ± 1.0 | |||
α | 0.885 | 0.815 | 0.756 | 0.875 | 0.795 | 0.786 |
Fear of Failure | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiencing Shame and Embarrassment | Devaluing One’s Self-Estimate | Having an Uncertain Future | Important Others Losing Interest | Upsetting Important Others | ||||||||||||
B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | ||
PIMC mother | LEC | −0.194 | 0.073 | −0.135 | −0.260 | 0.073 | −0.184 | −0.156 | 0.076 | −0.103 | −0.358 | 0.068 | −0.250 | −0.216 | 0.069 | −0.157 |
WCC | 0.047 | 0.053 | 0.045 | −0.029 | 0.053 | −0.027 | 0.019 | 0.055 | 0.017 | 0.076 | 0.049 | 0.074 | 0.063 | 0.050 | 0.063 | |
SWEC | 0.343 | 0.052 | 0.336 | 0.387 | 0.052 | 0.373 | 0.405 | 0.054 | 0.379 | 0.431 | 0.048 | 0.425 | 0.340 | 0.049 | 0.349 | |
R2 | 0.137 | 0.176 | 0.158 | 0.259 | 0.156 | |||||||||||
F | 17.748 | 23.765 | 20.830 | 38.958 | 20.619 | |||||||||||
p | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |||||||||||
PIMC father | LEC | −0.152 | 0.073 | −0.103 | −0.229 | 0.72 | −0.153 | −0.097 | 0.075 | −0.063 | −0.310 | 0.061 | −0.212 | −0.142 | 0.064 | −0.101 |
WCC | 0.326 | 0.059 | 0.316 | 0.368 | 0.058 | 0.350 | 0.392 | 0.060 | 0.362 | 0.451 | 0.049 | 0.439 | 0.478 | 0.051 | 0.485 | |
SWEC | 0.175 | 0.053 | 0.182 | 0.174 | 0.053 | 0.179 | 0.181 | 0.055 | 0.180 | 0.220 | 0.045 | 0.231 | 0.113 | 0.047 | 0.124 | |
R2 | 0.216 | 0.265 | 0.242 | 0.434 | 0.340 | |||||||||||
F | 30.609 | 40.060 | 35.583 | 85.195 | 57.395 | |||||||||||
p | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
Variables | Mean /Sd | F | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Handball | Basketball | Football | Water Polo | Volleyball | ||||
Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate | Learning-enjoyment climate (mother) | 4.21 ± 0.6 | 4.18 ± 0.6 | 4.21 ± 0.7 | 4.50 ± 0.5 | 4.01 ± 0.7 | 2.808 | 0.026 * |
Worry-conducive climate (mother) | 1.95 ± 0.9 | 1.79 ± 0.7 | 2.10 ± 0.9 | 2.21 ± 1.1 | 2.26 ± 1.1 | 3.016 | 0.018 * | |
Success-without-effort climate (mother) | 2.45 ± 0.9 | 1.89 ± 0.8 | 2.15 ± 0.9 | 2.39 ± 1.1 | 2.34 ± 1.1 | 3.674 | 0.006 ** | |
Learning-enjoyment climate (father) | 4.23 ± 0.6 | 4.21 ± 0.8 | 4.31 ± 0.6 | 4.45 ± 0.6 | 4.14 ± 0.7 | 1.505 | 0.200 | |
Worry-conducive climate (father) | 1.93 ± 1.0 | 1.85 ± 0.8 | 2.15 ± 1.0 | 1.97 ± 1.0 | 2.21 ± 1.1 | 2.128 | 0.077 | |
Success-without-effort climate (father) | 2.45 ± 1.0 | 1.87 ± 0.9 | 2.14 ± 0.9 | 2.27 ± 1.2 | 2.41 ± 1.2 | 3.623 | 0.007 ** | |
Fear of Failure | Experiencing Shame and Embarrassment | 2.26 ± 0.9 | 2.53 ± 0.9 | 2.53 ± 1.0 | 2.57 ± 1.0 | 2.85 ± 1.1 | 2.139 | 0.076 |
Devaluing One’s Self-estimate | 2.17 ± 1.0 | 2.04 ± 0.9 | 2.20 ± 1.0 | 2.26 ± 0.9 | 2.39 ± 1.1 | 1.191 | 0.315 | |
Having an Uncertain Future | 2.03 ± 1.1 | 2.03 ± 0.9 | 2.33 ± 1.0 | 2.07 ± 1.1 | 2.40 ± 1.2 | 2.141 | 0.075 | |
Important Others Losing Interest | 1.85 ± 1.0 | 1.93 ± 0.9 | 2.04 ± 1.0 | 1.62 ± 0.8 | 2.19 ± 1.1 | 2.053 | 0.087 | |
Upsetting Important Others | 2.02 ± 0.9 | 2.09 ± 0.9 | 2.22 ± 0.9 | 1.92 ± 0.9 | 2.39 ± 1.1 | 1.818 | 0.125 |
Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate | Fear of Failure | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiencing Shame and Embarrassment | Devaluing One’s Self-Estimate | Having an Uncertain Future | Important Others Losing Interest | Upsetting Important Others | |||||||||||||
B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |||
Basketball | Mother | LEC | −0.279 | 0.145 | −0.188 | −0.527 | 0.147 | −0.342 | −0.194 | 0.142 | −0.131 | −0.421 | 0.138 | −0.283 | −0.067 | 0.144 | −0.045 |
WCC | 0.192 | 0.121 | 0.154 | 0.111 | 0.123 | 0.086 | 0.114 | 0.119 | 0.092 | 0.256 | 0.115 | 0.204 | 0.173 | 0.120 | 0.139 | ||
SWEC | 0.307 | 0.103 | 0.290 | 0.226 | 0.105 | 0.207 | 0.401 | 0.101 | 0.380 | 0.335 | 0.098 | 0.317 | 0.389 | 0.102 | 0.370 | ||
R2 | 0.145 | 0.179 | 0.175 | 0.226 | 0.152 | ||||||||||||
F | 5.217 | 6.696 | 6.523 | 8.940 | 5.516 | ||||||||||||
p | 0.002 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | 0.002 ** | ||||||||||||
Father | LEC | −0.187 | 0.117 | −0.159 | −0.427 | 0.117 | −0.351 | −0.119 | 0.107 | −0.102 | −0.249 | 0.103 | −0.212 | −0.041 | 0.107 | −0.035 | |
WCC | 0.258 | 0.119 | 0.219 | 0.114 | 0.120 | 0.094 | 0.292 | 0.110 | 0.249 | 0.390 | 0.106 | 0.331 | 0.453 | 0.110 | 0.387 | ||
SWEC | 0.180 | 0.102 | 0.175 | 0.184 | 0.102 | 0.174 | 0.386 | 0.094 | 0.376 | 0.305 | 0.090 | 0.296 | 0.255 | 0.094 | 0.250 | ||
R2 | 0.142 | 0.195 | 0.274 | 0.329 | 0.241 | ||||||||||||
F | 5.064 | 7.421 | 11.570 | 15.037 | 11.077 | ||||||||||||
p | 0.003 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | ||||||||||||
Handball | Mother | LEC | −0.460 | 0.255 | −0.321 | −0.435 | 0.286 | −0.273 | −0.655 | 0.294 | −0.379 | −0.667 | 0.250 | −0.432 | −0.662 | 0.233 | −0.452 |
WCC | −0.057 | 0.189 | −0.054 | 0.015 | 0.213 | 0.013 | 0.141 | 0.219 | 0.112 | 0.076 | 0.186 | 0.067 | 0.195 | 0.173 | 0.182 | ||
SWEC | 0.255 | 0.172 | 0.261 | 0.297 | 0.194 | 0.273 | 0.320 | 0.199 | 0.271 | 0.353 | 0.169 | 0.335 | 0.280 | 0.158 | 0.281 | ||
R2 | 0.170 | 0.148 | 0.236 | 0.231 | 0.333 | ||||||||||||
F | 1.908 | 1.624 | 2.883 | 4.110 | 4.662 | ||||||||||||
p | 0.151 | 0.206 | 0.053 | 0.016 * | 0.009 ** | ||||||||||||
Father | LEC | −0.049 | 0.270 | −0.035 | −0.189 | 0.234 | −0.120 | −0.465 | 0.321 | −0.272 | −0.480 | 0.200 | −0.314 | −0.310 | 0.237 | −0.213 | |
WCC | 0.323 | 0.213 | 0.343 | 0.687 | 0.184 | 0.657 | 0.305 | 0.252 | 0.269 | 0.517 | 0.157 | 0.510 | 0.450 | 0.187 | 0.468 | ||
SWEC | 0.168 | 0.179 | 0.191 | 0.029 | 0.155 | 0.029 | 0.124 | 0.212 | 0.117 | 0.174 | 0.132 | 0.184 | 0.115 | 0.157 | 0.127 | ||
R2 | 0.156 | 0.488 | 0.181 | 0.601 | 0.375 | ||||||||||||
F | 2.906 | 10.831 | 3.278 | 16.535 | 7.198 | ||||||||||||
p | 0.052 | <0.001 ** | 0.036 * | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | ||||||||||||
Football | Mother | LEC | −0.105 | 0.125 | −0.073 | −0.163 | 0.130 | −0.106 | −0.238 | 0.125 | −0.159 | −0.403 | 0.113 | −0.277 | −0.152 | 0.116 | −0.112 |
WCC | 0.113 | 0.090 | 0.110 | −0.119 | 0.093 | −0.108 | −0.049 | 0.089 | −0.046 | 0.068 | 0.081 | 0.065 | −0.012 | 0.083 | −0.013 | ||
SWEC | 0.329 | 0.093 | 0.308 | 0.442 | 0.096 | 0.388 | 0.458 | 0.093 | 0.411 | 0.468 | 0.084 | 0.434 | 0.382 | 0.086 | 0.378 | ||
R2 | 0.104 | 0.170 | 0.183 | 0.304 | 0.141 | ||||||||||||
F | 5.697 | 8.050 | 10.040 | 17.184 | 7.637 | ||||||||||||
p | 0.001 * | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | ||||||||||||
Father | LEC | −0.178 | 0.146 | −0.106 | −0.050 | 0.152 | −0.028 | −0.108 | 0.146 | −0.061 | −0.416 | 0.132 | −0.245 | 0.033 | 0.125 | 0.021 | |
WCC | 0.321 | 0.097 | 0.321 | 0.439 | 0.101 | 0.412 | 0.475 | 0.097 | 0.455 | 0.338 | 0.088 | 0.335 | 0.532 | 0.083 | 0.563 | ||
SWEC | 0.119 | 0.099 | 0.115 | 0.107 | 0.103 | 0.097 | 0.062 | 0.099 | 0.057 | 0.213 | 0.090 | 0.204 | 0.032 | 0.085 | 0.033 | ||
R2 | 0.167 | 0.207 | 0.238 | 0.331 | 0.314 | ||||||||||||
F | 9.075 | 11.526 | 13.583 | 20.918 | 19.423 | ||||||||||||
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | ||||||||||||
Volleyball | Mother | LEC | −0.223 | 0.154 | −0.172 | −0.187 | 0.141 | −0.153 | 0.140 | 0.161 | 0.104 | −0.149 | 0.144 | −0.116 | −0.218 | 0.148 | −0.179 |
WCC | −0.128 | 0.119 | −0.126 | −0.091 | 0.109 | −0.094 | −0.013 | 0.125 | −0.012 | −0.044 | 0.111 | −0.043 | 0.015 | 0.115 | 0.016 | ||
SWEC | 0.565 | 0.120 | 0.552 | 0.579 | 0.110 | 0.598 | 0.538 | 0.125 | 0.508 | 0.647 | 0.112 | 0.634 | 0.494 | 0.115 | 0.514 | ||
R2 | 0.262 | 0.346 | 0.247 | 0.352 | 0.224 | ||||||||||||
F | 7.630 | 9.352 | 7.127 | 11.118 | 6.381 | ||||||||||||
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | ||||||||||||
Father | LEC | −0.024 | 0.175 | −0.015 | 0.012 | 0.165 | 0.008 | 0.201 | 0.193 | 0.122 | −0.138 | 0.137 | −0.087 | −0.381 | 0.146 | −0.254 | |
WCC | 0.368 | 0.138 | 0.360 | 0.360 | 0.130 | 0.371 | 0.311 | 0.152 | 0.293 | 0.633 | 0.108 | 0.621 | 0.411 | 0.115 | 0.427 | ||
SWEC | 0.294 | 0.123 | 0.325 | 0.273 | 0.116 | 0.318 | 0.274 | 0.135 | 0.292 | 0.211 | 0.096 | 0.234 | 0.280 | 0.103 | 0.329 | ||
R2 | 0.337 | 0.343 | 0.253 | 0.594 | 0.478 | ||||||||||||
F | 10.472 | 10.764 | 7.318 | 28.340 | 18.099 | ||||||||||||
p | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | ||||||||||||
Water Polo | Mother | LEC | −0.119 | 0.371 | −0.061 | −0.665 | 0.304 | −0.378 | −0.157 | 0.398 | −0.076 | −0.454 | 0.275 | −0.277 | −0.389 | 0.322 | −0.227 |
WCC | −0.045 | 0.165 | −0.051 | 0.004 | 0.135 | 0.006 | −0.112 | 0.177 | −0.122 | 0.085 | 0.122 | 0.116 | 0.028 | 0.143 | 0.037 | ||
SWEC | 0.205 | 0.174 | 0.224 | 0.178 | 0.142 | 0.218 | 0.056 | 0.187 | 0.058 | 0.300 | 0.129 | 0.394 | 0.080 | 0.151 | 0.101 | ||
R2 | 0.064 | 0.125 | 0.080 | 0.176 | 0.036 | ||||||||||||
F | 0.615 | 2.430 | 0.263 | 3.134 | 0.652 | ||||||||||||
p | 0.611 | 0.087 | 0.851 | 0.042 * | 0.588 | ||||||||||||
Father | LEC | −0.432 | 0.269 | −0.269 | −0.689 | 0.198 | −0.479 | −0.457 | 0.285 | −0.270 | −0.448 | 0.148 | −0.334 | −0.439 | 0.205 | −0.314 | |
WCC | 0.418 | 0.237 | 0.416 | 0.479 | 0.174 | 0.533 | 0.549 | 0.251 | 0.519 | 0.559 | 0.130 | 0.668 | 0.663 | 0.181 | 0.760 | ||
SWEC | 0.004 | 0.205 | 0.005 | −0.033 | 0.151 | −0.043 | −0.145 | 0.217 | −0.159 | 0.067 | 0.112 | 0.093 | −0.238 | 0.156 | −0.318 | ||
R2 | 0.174 | 0.440 | 0.166 | 0.678 | 0.365 | ||||||||||||
F | 3.105 | 8.871 | 2.992 | 18.930 | 6.737 | ||||||||||||
p | 0.043 * | <0.001 ** | 0.048 * | <0.001 ** | 0.002 * |
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Coutinho, P.; Bessa, C.; Dias, C.; Mesquita, I.; Fonseca, A.M. Unveiling Players’ Perceptions of Mother- and Father-Initiated Motivational Climates and Fear of Failure in Youth Male Team Sports. Sports 2024, 12, 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090244
Coutinho P, Bessa C, Dias C, Mesquita I, Fonseca AM. Unveiling Players’ Perceptions of Mother- and Father-Initiated Motivational Climates and Fear of Failure in Youth Male Team Sports. Sports. 2024; 12(9):244. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090244
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoutinho, Patrícia, Cristiana Bessa, Cláudia Dias, Isabel Mesquita, and António M. Fonseca. 2024. "Unveiling Players’ Perceptions of Mother- and Father-Initiated Motivational Climates and Fear of Failure in Youth Male Team Sports" Sports 12, no. 9: 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090244