Sports

19 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Correlation between Exercise Participation Motivation and Social Physique Anxiety and Their Differences across Exercise Stages of Change

by Erdal Macila, Erman Dogan and Nuriye Sancar

Sports 2024, 12(9), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090239 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2024

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Abstract

This study aims to investigate the correlation between exercise participation motivation and social physique anxiety and their differences across the exercise stages of change in individuals. A convenience sampling technique was used to gather data from 374 sedentary individuals aged 18 and over, [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the correlation between exercise participation motivation and social physique anxiety and their differences across the exercise stages of change in individuals. A convenience sampling technique was used to gather data from 374 sedentary individuals aged 18 and over, using a questionnaire that included the Behavioral Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2), Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) scale, and Exercise Stages of Change Questionnaire (ESOCQ). Welch’s ANOVA test was utilized to examine if there were significant differences between the average levels of behavioral regulations in exercise and SPA within exercise stages of change, respectively. Based on Welch’s ANOVA results, it has been found that there are significant differences in the total score of SPAS according to exercise stages of change (F = 15.801, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the sub-factors intrinsic regulation, introjected regulation, and external motivation statistically significantly differ according to exercise stages of change (

F = 6.681

, p < 0.001 for IR;

F = 30.186,

p < 0.001 for introjected regulation;

F = 10.104

, p < 0.001 for external motivation,

F = 0.481,

p = 0.750 for AM). Pearson’s r correlation coefficients were also computed to determine the relationship between behavioral regulations in exercise and SPA. A significant negative moderate correlation was found between intrinsic regulation and SPA (r = −0.645, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant medium positive correlation was found between introjected regulation and SPA (r = 0.534, p < 0.001), external motivation and SPA (r = 0.588, p < 0.001), and amotivation and SPA (r = 0.564, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that being self-motivated for exercise might decrease SPA. On the other hand, exercise motivated by external pressures could lead to increased SPA. The findings also suggest that those who started exercising with intrinsic motivation reached more advanced stages of exercise than those who started exercising with extrinsic factors. Finally, extrinsic motives may help in the first stages of the exercise, but intrinsic motives are required to continue the exercise. Consequently, these findings may guide physical activity specialists, trainers, etc., to develop more effective strategies to motivate exercise participation by considering social physique anxiety among individuals. Full article

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14 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sociodemographic Factors Related to Perceived Physical Activity on Chilean Adults after COVID-19 Pandemic

by Rodrigo Gallardo-Rodríguez, Felipe Poblete-Valderrama, Viviana Rodas-Kürten and João Paulo Vilas-Boas

Sports 2024, 12(9), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090238 - 30 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The current study aimed to examine the relationship between sociodemographic variables (i.e., sex, age, marital status, educational level, socioeconomic status, and working mode) and physical activity levels declared by Chilean adults. The sample comprised 483 Chilean adults, 159 men (32.9%) and 324 women [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to examine the relationship between sociodemographic variables (i.e., sex, age, marital status, educational level, socioeconomic status, and working mode) and physical activity levels declared by Chilean adults. The sample comprised 483 Chilean adults, 159 men (32.9%) and 324 women (67.1%) aged from 18 to 69 years old (36.5 ± 12.0). The participants completed an ad hoc sociodemographic online survey between December 2022 and March 2023 that included questions about characteristics of participants such as sex, age, educational level, household income, marital status, and working mode. Vigorous, moderate, and walking activities were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), a self-administered questionnaire. Men declared significantly higher vigorous and moderated physical activity than women. People aged 18 to 25, single or unmarried, and with the lowest household income, showed significantly higher scores in vigorous physical activity than those aged 26 to 45, cohabiting with a partner or married, and middle household income, respectively. Regarding working mode, people working at their job site said walking more than people not working, working in a hybrid mode, and working online. Our findings suggest that promoting strategies that increase physical activity during the pandemic is necessary to avoid health problems. Full article

11 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Relationships of Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscular Fitness with Body Fatness in Preschoolers

by Kirkke Reisberg, Eva-Maria Riso, Liina Animägi and Jaak Jürimäe

Sports 2024, 12(9), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090237 - 30 Aug 2024

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Abstract

There is still insufficient knowledge about the potential benefits of physical activity and fitness or the adverse impact of sedentary behaviours on body composition at preschool age. Therefore, we aimed to study the relationships of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), cardiorespiratory [...] Read more.

There is still insufficient knowledge about the potential benefits of physical activity and fitness or the adverse impact of sedentary behaviours on body composition at preschool age. Therefore, we aimed to study the relationships of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular fitness (MF) with body fat percentage (BF%) in boys and girls. Participants were investigated twice: in the final year of kindergarten, when the boys’ median age was 7 years and the girls’ median age was 6 years (p = 0.240), and again in the first grade of school. MVPA and ST were measured with an accelerometer, BF% was derived from skinfold thicknesses, CRF was measured with a 20 m shuttle run test, and MF was represented by the mean z-scores from standing long jump and relative upper-limb strength. In girls, higher ST (β = 0.587, p = 0.021) and lower MF (β = −0.231, p = 0.009) at preschool age were related to higher BF% in the first grade of school after adjustment for confounders. MVPA and CRF in preschool children were unrelated to BF% in school among boys and girls. In conclusion, sitting less and having greater muscular fitness at preschool age appear to be beneficial for lower body fatness in the first grade among girls, but not in boys. MVPA and CRF at preschool age are unrelated to body fatness at school age in boys and girls. Our results indicate that girls may especially benefit from decreasing sedentary behaviours and increasing upper- and lower-limb muscular strength at preschool age for a healthy weight profile in the first grade of school. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and Exercise Interventions in Children)

8 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolic Capacities Contributing to Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 Test Performance in Australian Rules Footballers

by Mitchell Mooney, Ryan Worn, Matt Spencer and Brendan J. O’Brien

Sports 2024, 12(9), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090236 - 30 Aug 2024

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Abstract

This study aimed to identify the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic performance capacities contributing to Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) test performance. Nineteen recreational Australian footballers completed a Yo-Yo IR2 test, and on another day a treadmill peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic performance capacities contributing to Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) test performance. Nineteen recreational Australian footballers completed a Yo-Yo IR2 test, and on another day a treadmill peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit test in a randomised counter-balanced order. The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) procedures included 5 × 5 min sub-maximal continuous runs at progressively higher speeds whilst VO₂ was recorded; thereafter, speed was incrementally increased to elicit VO_2peak. After 35 min of rest, participants ran at a speed equivalent to 115% of VO_2peak until exhaustion, at which point expired air was collected to determine maximal accumulated oxygen deficit. Relationships between variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation and partial correlations. Maximum aerobic speed, relative intensity, and VO_2peak were significantly correlated with Yo-Yo IR2 performance. High Yo-Yo IR2 performers also had higher MAS, relative intensity, and VO_2peak levels. However, when higher maximum aerobic speed, relative intensity, and VO_2peak were controlled for each other and analysed independently, neither maximal aerobic speed nor VO_2peak correlated with Yo-Yo IR2 performance. Yo-Yo IR2 performance is the result of a complex interaction between several variables. Training programs should primarily focus on improving VO_2peak, maximal aerobic speed, and relative intensity to optimize Yo-Yo IR2 test performance. Full article

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16 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of School-Level Factors and School Sport Facility Parameters with Overweight and Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Pakistan: An Empirical Cross-Sectional Study

by Moazzam Tanveer, Ejaz Asghar, Georgian Badicu, Umar Tanveer, Nadeem Roy, Asifa Zeba, Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna and Alexios Batrakoulis

Sports 2024, 12(9), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090235 - 28 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Childhood overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent in Pakistan, posing significant public health challenges. This study explores the associations of school-level factors and school sports facility parameters with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study across seven random [...] Read more.

Childhood overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent in Pakistan, posing significant public health challenges. This study explores the associations of school-level factors and school sports facility parameters with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study across seven random districts in Punjab province, Pakistan, was conducted using a representative multistage random cluster sample. Underweight (BMI < 5th percentile), overweight (85th ≤ BMI < 95th percentile), and obese (95th percentile ≤ BMI) were defined using the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 criteria. Statistical analyses including the Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression were performed to investigate predictive characteristics. Logistic regression analysis assessed the simultaneous impact of several covariates on dichotomous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) computed and a significance level set at p < 0.05. The study included 4108 Pakistani school children aged 9 to 17 years (mean age = 13.92 years, 59.3% boys) from 62 schools. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Findings revealed a concerning lack of physical education activities (60% reported 0 sessions per week), morning exercise (60%), and classroom exercises (66%) among school-aged children. Leadership attitudes toward physical education (β = 0.04, p = 0.006) and students’ satisfaction with the playground (β = 0.05, p = 0.015) showed significant associations with body weight status. Conversely, provision of physical education facilities, effective fund utilization for physical education, meeting school sports facility requirements, and weekend opening of school sports grounds did not significantly impact weight status. Satisfaction with the playground was significantly associated with a lower risk of overweight (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.95, p < 0.05), indicating reduced overweight likelihood among students satisfied with school playgrounds. The study underscores significant gaps in promoting physical activity within school environments and highlights the urgent need for interventions to enhance physical education resources and sports facilities, aiming to create healthier school environments and reduce overweight and obesity prevalence among students. Further research and interventions are crucial for promoting lifelong physical activity habits and improving student health and well-being. Full article

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11 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity and Reliability of Wearable Technology Devices during Simulated Pickleball Game Play

by James W. Navalta, Bryson Carrier, Matahn Blank, Setareh Zarei, Dustin W. Davis, Micah Craig, Olivia R. Perez, Jacob Baca, Thea S. Sweder, Tashari Carballo and Jamaal Bovell

Sports 2024, 12(9), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090234 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Pickleball is a popular sport. Also popular is wearable technology usage. Because the validity and reliability of wearable technology during pickleball is unknown, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of common devices to return heart rate and estimated energy [...] Read more.

Pickleball is a popular sport. Also popular is wearable technology usage. Because the validity and reliability of wearable technology during pickleball is unknown, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of common devices to return heart rate and estimated energy expenditure during pickleball activity. Twenty adult participants were outfitted with a portable metabolic unit and heart rate monitor (criterion measures). Experimental devices were a Garmin Instinct, Polar Vantage M2, Polar OH1, and Polar Verity Sense. Participants played simulated pickleball for 10 min. Validity measures included mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC), whereas reliability measures included coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The heart rate returned lower than 10% MAPE across all devices (Instinct = 5.73–6.32%, Verity Sense = 2.92–2.97%, OH1 = 3.39–3.45%) and greater than 0.85 CCC (Instinct = 0.85–0.88, Verity Sense = 0.96–0.96, OH1 = 0.93–0.94). The CV was below 10% (Instinct = 9.30%, Verity Sense = 2.68%, OH1 = 5.01%), and ICC was above 0.7 (Instinct = 0.77, Verity Sense = 0.98, OH1 = 0.91). The energy expenditure MAPE was greater than 10% (Instinct = 27.67–28.08%, Vantage M2 = 18.87–23.38%) with CCC lower than 0.7 (Instinct = 0.47–0.49, Vantage M2 = 0.62–0.63). Reliability thresholds were met in the Vantage M2 (CV = 6%, ICC = 0.98) but not in the Instinct (CV = 15%, ICC = 0.86). The Instinct was neither valid nor reliable for estimated energy expenditure, while the Polar Vantage M2 was reliable but not valid. All devices returned valid and reliable heart rates during pickleball. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

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13 pages, 846 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Developing Accurate Repetition Prediction Equations for Trained Older Adults with Osteopenia

by Rose Beia, Alfred Wassermann, Sebastian Raps, Jerry Mayhew, Michael Uder and Wolfgang Kemmler

Sports 2024, 12(9), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090233 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 207

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate prediction equations to estimate 1RM in different exercises in older men and women with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Forty well-trained older women and men (73 ± 8 years) with osteopenia/osteoporosis performed 1RM dynamic and isometric maximum strength tests [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate prediction equations to estimate 1RM in different exercises in older men and women with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Forty well-trained older women and men (73 ± 8 years) with osteopenia/osteoporosis performed 1RM dynamic and isometric maximum strength tests on resistance devices. In addition, each participant performed repetitions-to-fatigue (RTF) in the 5–8RM, 9–12RM, and 13–16RM zones. After evaluating the predictive performance of available 1RM prediction equations from the literature, new prediction equations were developed for all seven exercises. One of the available equations that focus on postmenopausal women already acceptably predicted 1RM from RTF for all but one exercise. Nevertheless, new exercise-specific prediction equations based on a cubic polynomial most accurately predict 1RM from RTF in the 5–8 reps range with mean absolute differences between predicted and actual 1RM of 3.7 ± 3.7% (leg-press) to 6.9 ± 5.5% (leg flexion) that is roughly within the acceptable coefficient of variation. For some exercises, the inclusion of the isometric maximum strength tests slightly increases the prediction performance of the 5–8RM. In conclusion, the present prediction equation accurately estimates 1RM in trained, older women and men with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Further evaluation of this new equation is warranted to determine its applicability to different age groups and populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Competition and Sports Training: A Challenge for Public Health)

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11 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Runner’s High: Changes in Mood and Endocannabinoid Concentrations after a 60 min Outdoor Run Considering Sex, Running Frequency, and Age

by Theresia Weiermair, Eva Svehlikova, Beate Boulgaropoulos, Christoph Magnes and Anita Eberl

Sports 2024, 12(9), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090232 - 28 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Runner’s high is a euphoric emotional state occurring during and post-physical exercise. Although previous data indicate endocannabinoids’ involvement in animal runner’s high, their role in human runner’s high remains to be established. We investigated runner’s high in healthy humans assessing mood and plasma [...] Read more.

Runner’s high is a euphoric emotional state occurring during and post-physical exercise. Although previous data indicate endocannabinoids’ involvement in animal runner’s high, their role in human runner’s high remains to be established. We investigated runner’s high in healthy humans assessing mood and plasma endocannabinoid concentration changes pre- and post a 60 min outdoor run, considering sex (8 females/8 males), running frequency (4 occasional/12 regular runners) and age (median split 36 years). Mood, AEA, and 2-AG concentrations were significantly increased post-run considering all participants (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, respectively), with 2-AG varying more than AEA concentrations. Concentrations of both endocannabinoids increased pre- to post-run in women (p < 0.01) but the AEA concentration increase was higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). Post-run concentration increase appeared to be more pronounced in occasional than in regular runners for 2-AG but not for AEA. However, regular runners experienced stronger mood increases and better post-run mood than occasional runners. Post-run endocannabinoid concentrations were increased regardless of age. AEA concentrations and their post-run changes were less affected by running frequency and age than those of 2-AG. These findings provide insights into the interplay of physical exercise, physiological/psychological factors and demographics, laying a valuable foundation for future research. Full article

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15 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anaerobic Performance Profiling in Elite Amateur Boxers

by Tomas Venckunas, Vidas Bruzas, Audrius Snieckus, Loreta Stasiule, Audinga Kniubaite, Mantas Mickevicius, Sigitas Kamandulis and Arvydas Stasiulis

Sports 2024, 12(9), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090231 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 259

Abstract

While anaerobic fitness is highly important for the performance in Olympic (amateur) boxing, the relationship between anaerobic performance metrics is poorly understood, and profiling boxers according to their anaerobic capacity is still a challenge. With the current study in elite amateur boxers, we [...] Read more.

While anaerobic fitness is highly important for the performance in Olympic (amateur) boxing, the relationship between anaerobic performance metrics is poorly understood, and profiling boxers according to their anaerobic capacity is still a challenge. With the current study in elite amateur boxers, we aimed to compare the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to different maximal tests and the intercorrelations between performance indices (peak and mean power, duration of the test, punching frequency) of several all-out tests and their correlation to physiological response metrics (blood lactate and heart rate, HR). Twelve male Olympic boxers performed a battery of tests, including 30 s Wingate cycling and arm cranking, boxing bag punching, steep uphill treadmill running to exhaustion, and progressive treadmill running VO₂max test. Performance indices of different anaerobic tests were not closely correlated except for the duration of uphill running with body weight scaled (relative) peak and mean power produced during Wingate cycling test and absolute mean power of both Wingate tests. The number of punches landed on a bag per 30 s was associated only with relative power achieved during Wingate cycling test. HRpeak but not peak lactate response correlated strongly across exercise tasks. Finally, no correlation between the highly developed aerobic and anaerobic capacity, suggests a complex picture of the adaptation in elite amateur boxers. Full article

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12 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull to Predict Three-Repetition Maximum Squat Values in Female Athletes

by Keely Pasfield, Nick Ball and Dale Wilson Chapman

Sports 2024, 12(9), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090230 - 26 Aug 2024

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Prescribing correct training loads in strength- and power-based sports is essential to eliciting performance improvements for athletes. Concurrently, testing strength for the prescription of training loads should be accurate and safe with minimal disruption or fatigue inducement to the athlete. The purpose of [...] Read more.

Prescribing correct training loads in strength- and power-based sports is essential to eliciting performance improvements for athletes. Concurrently, testing strength for the prescription of training loads should be accurate and safe with minimal disruption or fatigue inducement to the athlete. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction equation in female athletes for the three-repetition maximum (3RM) squat using the isometric mid-thigh pull and basic anthropometric assessments that could be practically applied to support training prescriptions. Female athletes (n = 34) were recruited from netball, volleyball, basketball, and soccer across a spectrum of competitive standards. Each athlete’s weight, standing height, seated height, arm span, and biacromial breadth were recorded, and then, on separate occasions separated by at least 48 h, each athlete completed a 3RM squat test and an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) assessment. IMTP variables of peak force and time-dependent force at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms, as well as anthropometric measures, were used to develop a prediction equation. Squat strength was low-to-moderately correlated with peak force (r = 0.386); force at 100 ms (r = −0.128), 150 ms (r = −0.040), and 200 ms (r = −0.034); standing height (r = 0.294); and biacromial breadth (r = −0.410). Stepwise multiple regression significantly (p < 0.05) explained 26% of the 3RM squat strength variation using peak force and force at 100 ms, resulting in the following equation: Predicted 3RM squat (kg) = [6.102 + (Peak Force × 0.002) − (Force@100 ms × 0.001)]². The reported equation’s predictive accuracy was tested using the same testing protocols following 6–8 weeks of training in a sub-cohort of athletes (n = 14). The predicted and actual recorded 3RM values were not significantly (p = 0.313) different, supporting the use of the IMTP as a test that contributes informative values for use in a predictive equation for training prescription and thus reducing the testing and fatigue-inducing impost on female athletes. However, the 95% CI (−4.18–12.09) indicated predicted values could differ in excess of 10 kg. This difference could lead to an excessive load prescription for an athlete’s training program, indicating caution should be taken if using the described method to predict 3RM squat values for programming purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Strategies in Resistance Training: Exploring Innovative Approaches)

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16 pages, 4114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Weighted Vest at 0%, 5% and 10% of Body Mass on Gasometry Biomarkers and Performance during a Rectangular Test in Trained Trail Runners

by Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera, Pedro E. Alcaraz and Cristian Marín-Pagán

Sports 2024, 12(9), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090229 - 23 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Trail runners (TRs) must carry an extra load of equipment, food (bars and gels) and liquids, to delay the anticipation of fatigue and dehydration during their competitions. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate how an extra load can influence the metabolic level. Thirteen well-trained [...] Read more.

Trail runners (TRs) must carry an extra load of equipment, food (bars and gels) and liquids, to delay the anticipation of fatigue and dehydration during their competitions. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate how an extra load can influence the metabolic level. Thirteen well-trained trail runners performed a randomized crossover study (total n = 39), completing three treadmill running sessions with a weighted vest of 0%, 5% and 10% of their body mass during a combined test (rectangular test + ramp test). In addition, biomarkers of oxygen metabolism, acid–base and electrolyte status pre-, during and post-test, as well as the rectangular from capillary blood of the finger and time to exhaustion, were analyzed. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no significant difference between conditions for any of the analyzed biomarkers of blood gas. However, one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in trial duration between conditions (p ≤ 0.001). Tukey’s post hoc analysis observed a significant decrease in time to exhaustion in the weighted vest of 10% compared to 0% (p ≤ 0.001) and 5% (p ≤ 0.01) and 5% compared to 0% (p = 0.030). In addition, repeated-measures ANOVA detected a significant difference in pH in the group x time interaction (p = 0.035). Our results show that increasing the weighted vest (5% and 10%) anticipates fatigue in runners trained in TR. In addition, increasing the load decreased pH by a smaller magnitude at 10% compared to 0% and 5% at the end of the exercise protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Physiology and Physical Performance)

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