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Article

Fabrication of a Novel Ta(Zn)O Thin Film on Titanium by Magnetron Sputtering and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation for Cell Biocompatibilities and Antibacterial Applications

by
Heng-Li Huang
1,2,†,
Ming-Tzu Tsai
3,†,
Yin-Yu Chang
4,*,
Yi-Jyun Lin
4 and
Jui-Ting Hsu
1,2
1
School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
2
Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
3
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
4
Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Equal contributors.
Metals 2020, 10(5), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050649
Submission received: 29 April 2020 / Revised: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 16 May 2020 / Published: 18 May 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications)
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Abstract

:
Pure titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys are widely used as artificial implant materials for biomedical applications. The excellent biocompatibility of Ti has been attributed to the presence of a natural or artificial surface layer of titanium dioxide. Zinc oxide and tantalum oxide thin films are recognized due to their outstanding antibacterial properties. In this study, high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) was used for the deposition of tantalum oxide and zinc-doped Ta(Zn)O thin films on Ti with rough and porous surface, which was pretreated by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Surface morphology, antibacterial property as well as cell biocompatibility were analyzed. The antibacterial effect was studied individually for the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans). The deposited Ta (Zn)O coating was composed of amorphous tantalum oxide and crystalline ZnO. The antibacterial results on the tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O coated Ti indicated a significant inhibition of both S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans bacteria when compared with the uncoated Ti samples. The deposited Ta(Zn)O showed the best antibacterial performance. The Ta(Zn)O coated Ti showed lower level of the cell viability in MG-63 cells compared to other groups, indicating that Zn-doped Ta(Zn)O coatings may restrict the cell viability of hard tissue-derived MG-63 cells. However, the biocompatibility tests demonstrated that the tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O coatings improved cell attachment and cell growth in human skin fibroblasts. The cytotoxicity was found similar between the Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coated Ti. By adopting a first PEO surface modification and a subsequent HiPIMS coating deposition, we synthetized amorphous tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O coatings that improved titanium surface properties and morphologies, making them a good surface treatment for titanium-based implants.

1. Introduction

With the growing demand for metal implants in the medical industry, surface treatment, which includes various types of bio-coating and different surface modification techniques used for fabrication of biomaterials, is widely applied in implants for enhancing the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties between metals and tissues. This method can improve the biocompatibility of the metal implant surface and preserve the mechanical properties of the implant body [1,2,3]. Although dental and orthopedic implants have improved their biomedical properties and enhanced the life of many patients, they are not free from the influence of bacteria. Pure titanium and its alloys are the most commonly used materials for permanent implants in contact with soft and hard tissues. Microbial infection is one of the main causes of implant failure. Most of these infections are caused by common bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemocomitans (A. actinomycetemocomitans) which show enhanced activity on metallic and biocompatible surfaces used for implants [4,5]. Therefore, it is worth using surface treatments with two main categories: surface modification (physical, chemical or combined) and coatings (physical, chemical or combined).
Different surface modification methods are used to improve mechanical, tribological and biomedical properties of titanium include plasma nitriding, electrodeposition and anodizing, etc. Even though each treatment has its own unique advantage, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment, also called anodic spark oxidation or micro-arc oxidation, has become increasingly popular for titanium alloys owing to the excellent adhesion strength of the oxides on the surface and environmental friendliness [6]. This method produces a bioactive surface with a rough and porous structure at the surface of a work piece electrode immersed in an appropriate electrolyte by applying a high pulsed voltage [7]. For example, with respect to the PEO process, a bioactive TiO2 layer can be formed on the surface of Ti. In addition, many studies have been directed towards making the surfaces of implants as biocompatible and resistant against bacterial attachment as possible, particularly for titanium-based alloys which are often the materials of choice for dental and orthopedic implants. For example, titanium surfaces have been modified by photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings and alloying titanium with silver and copper or producing the TiO2 surface layer with silver or zinc [8,9]. Tantalum (Ta) is a transition element with substantial chemical inertness under room temperature [10,11]. Ta is also a biocompatible metal and can induce osseointegration between bone tissue and it surface [12]. In clinics, porous Ta implants have been used widely in orthopedics and dentistry owing to their excellent biocompatibilities [13,14,15]. For tantalum oxide materials, our pervious study [16] also revealed that Ta2O5 films are antibacterial and possess considerable biocompatibility with fibroblast cells. Furthermore, Ta2O5 films are more resistant to corrosion than TiO2 films [17]. Besides, zinc (Zn) is an essential microelement involved with the different types of metabolism in the human body [18]. An appropriate amount of Zn can improve the integration of bone protein, stimulate osteoblast differentiation, and further increase the proliferation of bone cells [19]. Concerning the positive correlation between alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteoblast differentiation, a previous research by Yamaguchi et al. [20] indicated that a boost in ALP signal takes place when Zn is added to a human bone. The research conducted by Jin et al. [21] demonstrated that after implanting Zn into the surface of Ti, the antibacterial property was increased. ZnO was revealed to have antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [22,23,24]. A duplex treatment combining PEO and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been reported as enhancing mechanical properties and antibacterial performance [25]. The study proved that the Ag-contained TiO2 coatings synthesized by combining PEO and magnetron sputtering possessed improved antibacterial activities without cytotoxic effect. Huang et al. also showed that the duplex treatment consisting of PEO and PVD could synthesize porous Ta2O5 films to have good biocompatibility [26].
Taking into account all of the above, the combination of modified Ta2O5 films possessing bactericidal effects with rough and porous Ti surfaces that inhibit bacterial adhesion and keep cell viability can be a promising strategy in order to create a synergic interaction that enhances the antibacterial properties and cell biocompatibilities of the final coating. The purpose of this study is to synthesize zinc-doped Ta(Zn)O films to form a bioactive and antibacterial surface which maybe more helpful for the possibility of clinical applications. Among the PVD technologies, HiPIMS is a comparatively new magnetron sputtering technique that provides a higher plasma ionization ability for the deposition of higher quality coatings with dense microstructure. Reactive-HiPIMS technique utilizes the magnetron sputtering in a reactive gas environment. It brings possibilities to enhance and tailor coating properties and often possesses better adhesion to the substrate, especially for those of oxide coatings, such as photoactive and antibacterial copper oxides and TiO2.
This study applied plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to pure Ti specimens to form rough and porous TiO2 surfaces for biocompatible purpose and further used HiPIMS in a reactive environment with oxygen to deposit zinc-doped Ta(Zn)O films onto the surface of the PEO-treated Ti. This study investigated the antibacterial property of the coating against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ISO 10993-5 cytotoxicity analyses were performed in soft and hard tissues, and MTT assays were applied to assess the cell survival rate.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Preparation

Pure Ti samples (ASTM B265 Grade 2) were used as the experimental starting material. In order to remove the surface containment, the Ti samples were ground using abrasive papers and polished with colloidal alumina suspension to obtain the surface roughness Ra~0.5 μm, and then the samples were rinsed ultrasonically in alcohol solution for 15 min and dried in hot air. Sand blasting of the pure Ti was then conducted to obtain high adhesion strength for the following PEO treatment and deposition of tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O films. Figure 1 shows the illustration of the technical processing route of the samples. After sand blasting, all the Ti samples were ultrasonically cleaned with a successive ethyl alcohol, and distilled water; and then air-dried. PEO was used to produce rough and porous oxide films on the Ti surfaces. An alternating bipolar pulse power source was used to fabricate the oxide films. The pulse parameters including voltage, current, frequency, and duty cycle can be adjusted independently. In this study, the PEO was operated using a pulsed electrical signal (500 Hz, +280 V/−15 V and 50% duty cycle) and a current density limit of 120 mA/cm2. The Ti sample was set as an anode, and a flat stainless steel was used as the cathode. A mixed aqueous solution containing 0.15 M Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O and 0.0 2M C3H7CaO6P·H2O was used as the electrolyte. The PEO procedure was conducted for 90 s. The electrolyte was cooled by a cooling system to keep its temperature below 50 °C. After PEO treatment, the samples were taken out of electrolyte, ultrasonically cleaned in ethyl alcohol and air-dried before performing the following deposition of tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O films.
Tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O films were deposited on the PEO pretreated Ti by using HiPIMS with high-purity Ta and Zn targets (99.99 at.%, dia. = 7.5 mm). A pulsed power generator (TruPlasma Highpulse Series 4000, TRUMPF Hüttinger GmbH Co., Ditzingen, Germany) was connected to the targets. The Ti samples were placed on a substrate holder for the deposition, and the distance between the target and Ti substrates was 60 mm. A base pressure prior to deposition was less than 1.3 × 10−3 Pa. Before deposition, the substrates were ion etched for 20 min at a substrate bias potential of −800 V in argon (Ar) plasma. To enhance film adhesion, Ta ion bombardment using bias voltage of −800 V was applied before the deposition. For the deposition of tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O films, the flow rate of Ar was set at 50 sccm and oxygen (O2) was introduced through a separate mass flow controller to maintain a deposition pressure of 0.4 Pa for the reactive sputtering deposition. In this study, a unipolar mode was used with a fixed pulse on-time of 20 μs, frequency of 500 Hz and duty cycle of 5%. A bias voltage of −60 V in the negative periods was connected to the Ti substrates during deposition. The Ta(Zn)O films were deposited with the cathode powers of the Ta target and Zn target set to 500 and 200 W, respectively. All the deposition experiments were performed without additional heating, and the substrate temperature was all below 80 °C. The total thickness of the coatings was controlled to 0.2~0.3 μm by using a deposition time of 15 min.

2.2. Materials Characteristics Measurement

The surface morphology and chemical composition of the coated samples were investigated by using a JSM-6700F field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JEOL Inc., Tokyo, Japan), which equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) system. Optical microscope instruments are preferred for the evaluation of surface morphology of soft Ti implant materials. An accurate measure of both the magnitude and complexity of the surface extensions beyond the mean plane is necessary. In this study, the surface morphology and surface roughness were examined with a 3D laser scanning microscope (VK-X100, Keyence Inc., Osaka, Japan). A typical surface roughness Ra value, which showed the arithmetic mean value of the surface differences from the surface, was measured. In addition, the point height of irregularities Rz, which showed the average value of the absolute heights of five highest profile peaks and the depths of five deepest valleys within the evaluated length, was measured. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (PHI1600 XPS, Physical Electronics Inc., Chanhassen, MN, USA) with non-monochromatized Mg Kα radiation was used to identify the chemical binding of the tantalum oxide and zinc-doped Ta(Zn)O coatings. The sample surface was cleaned for 60 s using an Ar-ion gun to eliminate the influence of the surface contamination as much as possible before the spectrum was collected. Energy calibration was conducted by reference to the Au 4f7/2 peak at 83.8 eV from a clean gold surface. The spectral ranges at 26 ± 12 eV, 1035 ± 20 eV and 531 ± 10 eV, corresponded to the binding energies of Ta4f, Zn2p and O1s, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained with a D8 series X-ray diffractometer (Bruker Taiwan Co., Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan) using the CuKα radiations (λ = 1.54059 Å) in the 2θ range between 20° and 80° with a scanning step size of 0.02°. It was performed at a low glancing incidence angle of 2° allowing identifying the coating structure. A Calo test, also known as a ball cratering test, was used to measure the thickness of the deposited coatings. The Calo tester consisted of a holder for the coated surface to be tested and a steel ball that was rotated against the measured surface by a rotating shaft. An optical microscope was used to take measurements of the crater diameter, and the coating thickness was calculated and obtained.

2.3. Contact Angle Measurement

After each coating sample was washed for 30 min alternately into containers with ethanol and deionized water in an ultrasonic cleaner, samples were dried in a clean and dry oven at 55 °C for 6 h. Then deionized water dropped from a micrometric syringe and touched onto the surface of untreated Ti (control), Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coated samples. The status of the water on the samples was photographed by an optical instrument to measure the static contact angles of water on all samples by the measurement device (FTA-125, First Ten Angstroms, Portsmouth, VA, USA) at room temperature. Each contact angle reported here is the mean of at least 5 independent measurements [26].

2.4. Antibacterial Analyses

Five hundred μL of bacterial liquid suspensions (2 × 107 cfu/mL) including the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and the Gram-negative bacterium of Actinobacillus actinomycetemocomitans (A. actinomycetemocomitans) were individually dripped on the surfaces of all the samples. After incubation under a relative humidity of 96% at 37 °C for 4 h in a dark environment, the surfaces of all samples were rinsed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The retained bacteria were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 15 min. Then all the samples were stained with 10 µM SYTO 9, which is a green fluorescent nucleic acid used to stain live and dead bacteria, for 30 min at room temperature. By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader (Synergy HT, BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA), the adhered bacteria on the samples were quantified by measuring the fluorescence at 488 nm.

2.5. Biocompatibility Tests of Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability

To evaluate the biocompatible characteristics of all the samples with specific element compositions, the cytotoxicity test based on ISO 10993-5 assay and cell viability study were performed by using two cell lines, human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and human osteosarcoma (MG-63). HSF (product No. BCRC 60153) and MG-63 (product No. BCRC 60279) cells were purchased from Bioresource Collection and Research Center (Hsinchu City, Taiwan). According to the procedure of cytotoxicity test suggested from the standard of ISO 10993-5, each kind of the samples, such as the the regular culture medium (DMEM), uncoated Ti (control), specimens with Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O thin films, was individually immersed into serum-free medium with gently shaking at 4 °C. After 72 h, the conditioned medium of each kind of samples was collected by passing through the 0.22 μm sterile filter for the ISO 10993-5 assay. HSF or MG-63 cells cultured in plates with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) were incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 overnight, and then replaced with the conditioned medium above for further 24-h culture. Then a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) was performed. MTT, which is one method to detect the activity of mitochondria in live cells, shows the cell viability. All cells were washed twice by Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) and cultured for another 4 h with MTT-contained medium at 37 °C with 5% CO2. The intracellular purple formazon in live cells was eluted by DMSO (Sigma), quantified by using the ELISA reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA) at the absorbance of 570 nm with SoftMax Pro software (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). The measuring procedure was performed and protected from the light.
To examine the effect of all the samples prepared in this study on the cell viability, HSF and MG-63 cells were also cultured directly onto the surface of the uncoated Ti, Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O films and incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 48 h. All cells were then washed twice by Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) and cultured for another 4 h with MTT-contained medium at 37 °C with 5% CO2. The intracellular purple formazon in live cells was eluted by DMSO (Sigma), quantified by using the ELISA reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA) at the absorbance of 570 nm with SoftMax Pro software (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). The measuring procedure was performed and protected from the light.

2.6. Statistical Analyses

The ANOVA analysis tool of variance was used to perform the statistical analyses of the contact angle, antibacterial analyses, cytotoxicity and cell viability of all samples. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted precisely using the Turkey method. Each experiment was independently performed and duplicated and the differences were considered significant at the p < 0.05 level. SPSS v19 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Microstructure and Surface Morphology Analyses

In this study, a field-emission scanning electron microscope and a 3D laser scanning microscope were used to observe the surface morphology of the specimens treated by PEO and HiPIMS, as shown in Figure 2. When a pulsed DC was applied on the uncoated Ti during the PEO treatment, a porous oxide layer was formed, and the surfaces revealed numerous micron-sized pores. The SEM images revealed that the prepared tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O films fully cover the porous TiO2 surface generated by PEO. Followed by the oxide deposition by HiPIMS, the PEO-pretreated samples were still coated with tantalum oxide and Ta(Zn)O, and still retained their porous structure. G. Greczynski et. al. [27] showed that in reactive processes of HiPIMS, metal reactivity, which controlled the rate of compound formation at the target, was expected to be a decisive parameter, as it affected the target sputtering condition and the extent of gas rarefaction. It was found that the film deposited using HiPIMS at low substrate temperature below 80 °C allowed the sputtered particles to gain an optimal energy and form a compact layer on the surface of the substrate [28]. EDS was employed to measure the elemental composition of the oxide films. The chemical composition of the deposited tantalum oxide films comprised 21.7 ± 1.8 at.% of Ta and 78.3 ± 2.1 at.% of O, which implied the formation of stoichiometric tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) contained a higher fraction of oxygen, and indicated the presence of surface oxides on the surface [26]. The chemical composition of the deposited Ta(Zn)O films comprised 20.8 ± 2.3 at.% of Ta, 4.4 ± 1.3 at.% of Zn, and 74.8 ± 2.7 at.% of O. It showed that the Ta(Zn)O films deposited from Ta and Zn targets had small content of Zn (4.4 ± 1.3 at.%). Philip D. Racka et. al. [29] had revealed that the condition of small fraction of zinc in the films was as a result of the preferential resputtering of Zn versus Ta.
3D Laser microscopy was adopted to examine the surface roughness of the specimens. The surface roughness Ra of the untreated Ti was 0.6 ± 0.15 μm. After the PEO treatment and HiPIMS deposition, the Ta2O5 deposited Ti had higher surface roughness (mean roughness Ra = 2.95 ± 0.8 μm; point height of irregularities Rz = 25.3 ± 2.3 μm). The Ta(Zn)O deposited Ti also had higher surface roughness (mean roughness Ra = 3.4 ± 1.1 μm; point height of irregularities Rz = 30.2 ± 2.7 μm). This surface roughening and porous structure may improve in vivo biocompatibility, bone integration, and implant stability [30]. Low-energy metal-ion irradiation of the growing Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O films during HiPIMS has been shown to provide microstructure densification, without introducing incomplete surface diffusion developed during the deposition of DC magnetron sputtering [31,32]. The results verified that the Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coated samples, which had undergone PEO, retained their porous surfaces with high surface roughness. Measured by the Calo test, the coating consisted of ~6.5 μm thick PEO-treated oxide layer and 0.2~0.3 μm thick Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coating layer which was prepared by HiPIMS for 15 min.
Surface properties of thin films including hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity are explored to improve materials response in biological environments. Surface bio-functionalization routes based on vacuum deposition techniques, together with advances in surface engineering of biomaterials, are important [33]. A hydrophobic surface is likely to lower biocompatibility, whereas a highly hydrophilic surface promotes cell adhesion, migration, and growth. Accordingly, the wettability of the interface between fluid and medical implants should be balanced because the morphology and film composition affect wettability and hydrophobicity. The water contact angles of the untreated Ti, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O coated samples were shown in Figure 3. Each point in the figure is an average value of at least ten measurements. The results demonstrated that the pure Ti substrate, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O specimen had contact angles of 43.13 ± 10.0°, 3.3 ± 0.36°, and 16.75 ± 3.7°, respectively. It showed obviously that the Ta2O5 film on rough and porous Ti was capable of enhancing surface wettability, and adding Zn to thin films increased surface hydrophobicity as compared to Ta2O5. Nevertheless, the wettability of Ta(Zn)O was higher than that of the untreated Ti specimen. The hydrophilicity of Ti substantially improved after pretreatment with PEO and coating with Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O. Surface chemistry and topography separately or together play important roles in the cell response to the oxidized Ti. Surface roughening and hydrophilicity may improve in vivo cell integration and implant stability [34].
In order to investigate the oxidation states of elements present in Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O, XPS was carried out and the results were shown in Figure 4. The chemical bonds of the Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coatings were measured and identified. As shown in Figure 4a, the XPS results of Ta2O5 coated Ti showed that Ta2O5 were deposited on PEO treated Ti, and the shape and position of the XPS peaks (binding energies) clearly indicated the formation of tantalum oxide thin films on Ti [26]. The doublet at 25.7~27.5 eV confirmed the Ta oxidation state (Ta2O5) [35,36]. The results of XPS spectra of the Ta(Zn)O samples, as shown in Figure 4b, are similar to the Ta2O5 in addition to the presence of Zn2p spectra. The chemical composition of the deposited Ta(Zn)O films measured by XPS consisted of 19.7 ± 1.9 at.% of Ta, 5.3 ± 1.5 at.% of Zn, and 75.0 ± 3.8 at.% of O. The results were similar to EDS. Figure 4b shows the Ta4f, Zn2p and O1s core level XPS spectra of the Ta(Zn)O samples. Zn 2P peaks had the positions located at 1021.7 and 1044.7 eV for the Ta(Zn)O thin films, corresponding to the chemical state of Zn 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 in ZnO [37]. The highly intense broad bands of oxygen confirmed the presence of Zn-O and Ta-O bonds. It confirmed the formation of ZnO and Ta2O5 composite structure, and verified that Zn was successfully incorporated into Ta2O5 to form Ta(Zn)O using HiPIMS.
An X-ray diffractometer was used to analyze the crystallinity of the Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O thin films. Only the characteristic peaks of the TiO2 layer were observed for the Ta2O5 specimen (Figure 5). It showed that the Ta2O5 sample exhibited characteristic peaks of anatase and rutile TiO2 crystalline phases. The PEO-pretreated Ta2O5 sample showed characteristic peaks of TiO2 but not crystalline Ta2O5. The crystalline anatase and rutile TiO2 were formed by PEO treatment. The Ta(Zn)O films had characteristic peaks of the TiO2 layer, which was formed by PEO, and the ZnO crystal phases. It indicated that the deposited Ta(Zn)O contained amorphous Ta2O5 and crystalline ZnO. The development of the crystalline ZnO structure during growth was controlled by the HiPIMS deposition process [38,39].

3.2. Antibacterial Properties

SYTO 9 stain was applied to examine the antibacterial property of the untreated Ti, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O specimens against S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans. In Figure 6, the relative fluorescence intensity represents the bacterial residue with STYO 9 stain. Lower relative fluorescence intensity indicates the potential and better capability of the antibacterial ability. The Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O deposited by HiPIMS showed lower intensity of the relative fluorescence with Syto 9 stain, and the Ta(Zn)O exhibited the lowest intensity in both of the S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans bacterial colonies (Figure 6). The antibacterial capability of ZnO has been proved in previous studies [22,23,24]. The content ratio of Zn in the surface coating is a critical issue because the zinc-oxide not only has the ability of improving the antibacterial properties but also increases the cell cytotoxicity [40]. To maintain both of the characteristics of biocompatibility and antibacterial ability, it is important to control the content ratio and manufacture procedure of ZnO-contained coatings.

3.3. Biocompatibility Tests of Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability

To compare the biocompatible characteristic of the specimens of the uncoated Ti, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O with the pretreatment of PEO in the soft tissue- and hard tissue-derived cells, the cytotoxicity and cell viability tests were individually performed with both HSF and MG-63 cells and quantified by MTT assay. Figure 7 showed the results of the cytotoxicity test of all specimens in HSF and MG-63 cells, and Figure 8 showed the results of the cell viability. In Figure 7, HSF cells were cultured with the conditioned medium collected from the untreated Ti, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O coatings. Based on the guideline of ISO 10993-5, the group of cells cultured with medium is recommended as the control group for the further comparison with cells cultured with the extraction from any kinds of materials. Besides, the group of the untreated Ti specimen was also essential in this study. Although Ti has been considered as a biomaterial with desirable biocompatibility and mechanical properties especially for the dental and orthopedic implants, coatings with Ta2O5 or Ta(Zn)O represented better cell viability and lower cytotoxicity in HSF cells in this study (Figure 7). No significant difference of the cytotoxicity was found between the specimens with Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O thin films. ZnO did not deteriorate the cytotoxicity of HSF cells on the Ta(Zn)O coated samples.
In Figure 7, the optical density of MG-63 cells cultured with DMEM was much higher than the cells cocultured with the conditioned medium collected from each kind of specimen. No significant difference of the cytotoxicity was observed between Ta2O5 and the uncoated Ti specimens. Ta2O5 had similar cytotoxicity of MG-63 cells to the pure Ti. Coatings with Ta(Zn)O showed the lowest OD values compared to other groups, indicating that Ta(Zn)O thin films may induce higher level of the cytotoxicity in MG-63 cells. Clinical reports have been provided the evidence that the pure Ti is widely applied to the soft and hard tissues due to its favorable biocompatibility and mechanical properties, especially to the dental and orthopedic implants in clinic [41,42]. Recently, Ta bulk materials and Ta2O5 thin films have also been considered as a desirable biomaterial especially applying to clinical implants for the orthopedics and the dentistry [43,44,45,46]. Various clinical uses also provide reliable evidences that the addition of Ta of implants improves the hard-tissue growth and healing. Ta is desirable for the adhesion, migration, and proliferation of bone cells. The results above indicated that the deposition of Ta2O5 onto the PEO-pretreated Ti substrates with micro porous structure may provide higher affinity to the hard tissue-derived cells for cell growth.
To further study the potential biocompatibility of the uncoated Ti, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O films, HSF and MG-63 cells were individually and directly cultured onto each kind of specimen for 48 h followed by MTT assay (Figure 8).
In HSF cells, the results showed that the cell viability of Ta2O5 films was not only the greatest compared to the other two kinds of specimens, but also was almost two-fold higher than the uncoated Ti specimen. The thin films with Ta(Zn)O even showed almost 1.5-fold level of the cell viability compared to the uncoated Ti specimen. It indicated that the Ta-contained oxide thin films deposited onto the surface of Ti substrates may enhance the biocompatibility of HSF cells. It is known that cells perceive the surface landscape of Ti implants at very different scales ranging from the molecular level to nanoscale. Vaidulych et al. [47] had studied the convex and concave surface in the nano-scale range of Ta2O5 thin films for tailoring the osteoblast adhesion. The surface morphology affected the cell adhesion. Their results showed that primary human osteoblasts were found to sustain the viability on all kinds of these nano-scale convex and concave surfaces; however, Ta2O5 with the concave topography showed restrained adhesion of the cells. In this study, the biocompatible effect of Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O specimens with rough and porous structure in the range of micro-scale was obviously found in HSF cells. The biocompatible effect of Ta2O5 specimens in MG-63 cells was consistent with the findings observed in HSF cells. In MG-63 cells, the cell viability of Ta2O5 films was higher than the uncoated Ti specimen. Vannozzi, L. et al. [48] studied the ZnO effect on the cell adhesion and viability of composite thin films based on a blend of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) methyl ether (PEG-b-PCL) and poly(l-lactic acid), doped with ZnO nanoparticles. In-vitro tests were carried out with cells of the musculoskeletal apparatus (fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myoblasts). All cell types showed good adhesion and viability on the ZnO-doped thin film samples. They found that a higher content of ZnO nanoparticles in the matrix demonstrated higher bioactivity. However, in this study, the coatings with Ta(Zn)O showed the lowest level of the cell viability in MG-63 cells, indicating that the content of Zn may repress the cell viability of MG-63 cells. Safety issues may arise in relation to a possible release of ZnO from the matrix. Zn ions dissociated from ZnO could be associated with cytotoxic phenomena to MG-63 cells. Toxicity was influenced by the ZnO concentration.
These findings above showed that the biological effects of each kind of specimens on the cytotoxicity or the cell viability in the soft tissue-derived cells (HSF cells) was not exactly as same as the results observed in the hard tissue-derived cells (MG-63 cells). For MG-63 cells, the osteoblast-like cells are critical to the surface composition and the microstructure of the materials. It has been proved that the biomaterial surface with the porous structures is better for the osteoblastic cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation [49]. However, the behavior of the fibroblast-like HSF cells is not easily affected by the surface roughness of the materials [50], and in a bacterial environment, the proper surface may give soft tissue-derived cells a better chance to compete with bacteria to cover on the surface of Ti implants [51,52]. This study shows that there is a close relationship between the amount and chemical composition of the thin films serving as a support of the cells.

4. Conclusions

In this study, PEO were mainly applied to form a well-distributed porous TiO2 surface, and HiPIMS was further adopted to deposit Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coatings on the porous surface of Ti to discuss the material properties, antibacterial performance, and biocompatibility of the thin films.
The conclusions are shown as follows:
1)
Scanning electron microscopy and 3D laser microscopy were used to observe the morphology of the specimens. The surfaces of the Ti specimens that had been subjected to PEO were fully covered with a TiO2 layer. Through the use of HiPIMS, the deposition of the Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O films would not affect the porous structure on the specimen surface. The Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O-deposited Ti had high surface roughness and this surface roughening and porous structure may influence the biocompatibility. The results of water contact angle measurement demonstrated that the pure Ti substrate, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O specimen had contact angles of 43.13 ± 10.0°, 3.3 ± 0.36°, and 16.75 ± 3.7°, respectively. The deposited Ta2O5 coating on the porous Ti was capable of enhancing surface wettability, and adding Zn to thin films increased surface hydrophobicity as compared to Ta2O5. The deposited Ta(Zn)O contained amorphous Ta2O5 and crystalline ZnO. The development of the crystalline ZnO structure during growth is controlled by the HiPIMS deposition process.
2)
Antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were performed. Compared to the untreated Ti, both specimens with Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O thin films showed lower intensity of the relative fluorescence with Syto 9 stain in both these two bacterial colonies, and they had improved antibacterial abilities against S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The Ta(Zn)O deposited by HiPIMS exhibited the lowest intensity in both of the S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans bacterial colonies, and it showed the best antibacterial performance.
3)
The results of the ISO-10993-5 cell cytotoxicity and cell viability MTT assay tests revealed that the Ta2O5 or Ta(Zn)O coated Ti had better cell viability and lower cytotoxicity in HSF cells, and both coatings possessed high biocompatibilities in this study. The cell activity of Ta(Zn)O coated Ti decreased slightly when reacting to the MG63 cells. The result showed that the Ta2O5 coating on Ti surface with porous structure improved adhesion, migration, and proliferation for the osteoblastic cell. Due to the different properties of cells, HSF and MG-63 cells represented different behaviors of cell cytoxicity and cell viability in each kind of coating specimens on Ti.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Y.-Y.C., H.-L.H.; methodology: Y.-Y.C., H.-L.H.; validation: Y.-Y.C.; formal analysis: Y.-Y.C., H.-L.H., M.-T.T.; investigation: Y.-Y.C.; resources: Y.-Y.C.; data Ccration: Y.-Y.C., H.-L.H.; writing—original draft preparation: Y.-Y.C., Y.-J.L.; writing—review and editing: Y.-Y.C., H.-L.H., M.-T.T.; visualization: J.-T.H.; supervision: Y.-Y.C.; project administration: Y.-Y.C., H.-L.H.; funding acquisition: Y.-Y.C., J.-T.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 107-2218-E-131 -001 and MOST 108-2221-E-150-020-MY3) of Taiwan. This work was also financially supported by the “High Entropy Materials Center” from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and from the Project MOST 108-3017-F-007-002- by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) in Taiwan.

Acknowledgments

The instrumental assistance from the Common Lab. for Micro/Nano Sci. and Tech. of National Formosa University is sincerely appreciated.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

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Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the technical processing route.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the technical processing route.
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Figure 2. SEM images and 3D surface morphologies of the (a) Ta2O5 and (b) Ta(Zn)O coated titanium samples.
Figure 2. SEM images and 3D surface morphologies of the (a) Ta2O5 and (b) Ta(Zn)O coated titanium samples.
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Figure 3. Contact angles of the uncoated Ti, and Ta2O5 and TaZnO coated titanium samples. The mean vales of contact angles were different significantly among the untreated Ti, and Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coated titanium samples (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test. The differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Figure 3. Contact angles of the uncoated Ti, and Ta2O5 and TaZnO coated titanium samples. The mean vales of contact angles were different significantly among the untreated Ti, and Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coated titanium samples (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test. The differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
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Figure 4. The Ta4f, Zn2p and O1s core level XPS spectra of the (a) Ta2O5 and (b) Ta(Zn)O thin film on Ti.
Figure 4. The Ta4f, Zn2p and O1s core level XPS spectra of the (a) Ta2O5 and (b) Ta(Zn)O thin film on Ti.
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Figure 5. X-Ray diffraction spectra of the Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coated Ti with PEO surface pretreatment.
Figure 5. X-Ray diffraction spectra of the Ta2O5 and Ta(Zn)O coated Ti with PEO surface pretreatment.
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Figure 6. Antibacterial properties of each specimen against S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The relative fluorescence intensity represents the bacterial residue with STYO 9 stain, and antibacterial properties among specimens against S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans were different significantly (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test. The differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Figure 6. Antibacterial properties of each specimen against S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The relative fluorescence intensity represents the bacterial residue with STYO 9 stain, and antibacterial properties among specimens against S. aureus and A. actinomycetemcomitans were different significantly (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test. The differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
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Figure 7. The cytotoxic effect of the uncoated Ti, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O films on HSF and MG-63 cells compared to the regular culture medium (DMEM) according to the ISO 10993-5 methodology. The mean vales of O.D. were different significantly among all samples (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test and the differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Figure 7. The cytotoxic effect of the uncoated Ti, Ta2O5, and Ta(Zn)O films on HSF and MG-63 cells compared to the regular culture medium (DMEM) according to the ISO 10993-5 methodology. The mean vales of O.D. were different significantly among all samples (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test and the differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
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Figure 8. Cell viabilities of fibroblast cells and osteosarcoma cells on each sample. HSF and MG-63 cells were individually and directly cultured onto each kind of specimen for 48 h followed by MTT assay. The mean vales of O.D. were different significantly among all samples (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test and the differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Figure 8. Cell viabilities of fibroblast cells and osteosarcoma cells on each sample. HSF and MG-63 cells were individually and directly cultured onto each kind of specimen for 48 h followed by MTT assay. The mean vales of O.D. were different significantly among all samples (p < 0.05). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted by the Turkey test and the differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Huang, H.-L.; Tsai, M.-T.; Chang, Y.-Y.; Lin, Y.-J.; Hsu, J.-T. Fabrication of a Novel Ta(Zn)O Thin Film on Titanium by Magnetron Sputtering and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation for Cell Biocompatibilities and Antibacterial Applications. Metals 2020, 10, 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050649

AMA Style

Huang H-L, Tsai M-T, Chang Y-Y, Lin Y-J, Hsu J-T. Fabrication of a Novel Ta(Zn)O Thin Film on Titanium by Magnetron Sputtering and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation for Cell Biocompatibilities and Antibacterial Applications. Metals. 2020; 10(5):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050649

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Heng-Li, Ming-Tzu Tsai, Yin-Yu Chang, Yi-Jyun Lin, and Jui-Ting Hsu. 2020. "Fabrication of a Novel Ta(Zn)O Thin Film on Titanium by Magnetron Sputtering and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation for Cell Biocompatibilities and Antibacterial Applications" Metals 10, no. 5: 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050649

APA Style

Huang, H. -L., Tsai, M. -T., Chang, Y. -Y., Lin, Y. -J., & Hsu, J. -T. (2020). Fabrication of a Novel Ta(Zn)O Thin Film on Titanium by Magnetron Sputtering and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation for Cell Biocompatibilities and Antibacterial Applications. Metals, 10(5), 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050649

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