Characterisation of High Temperature Oxidation Phenomena during AISI 430 Stainless Steel Manufacturing under a Controlled H2 Atmosphere for Bright Annealing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Bright Annealing Atmosphere
2.2. Oxide Scale Characterisation
3. Results
3.1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3.2. Raman Spectroscopy
3.3. SEM Morphology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Fe (wt. %) | Si (wt. %) | Mn (wt. %) | Cr (wt. %) | C (wt. %) | N2 (wt. %) | Annealing Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A430-1 | Balance | 0.42 ± 0.008 | 0.34 ± 0.008 | 17.0 ± 0.061 | 0.023 ± 0.0014 | 0.019 ± 0.0013 | 42 |
A430-2(A) | Balance | 0.43 ± 0.007 | 0.52 ± 0.009 | 16.4 ± 0.060 | 0.027 ± 0.0014 | 0.023 ± 0.0014 | 42 |
A430-2(B) | Balance | 0.48 ± 0.008 | 0.54 ± 0.009 | 16.4 ± 0.060 | 0.016 ± 0.0010 | 0.030 ± 0.0016 | 55 |
A430-3 | Balance | 0.39 ± 0.007 | 0.78 ± 0.011 | 16.7 ± 0.061 | 0.030 ± 0.0015 | 0.030 ± 0.0016 | 50 |
Element | at. % A430-1 | at. % A430-3 |
---|---|---|
O 1s | 69.8 ± 0.639 | 71.6 ± 0.588 |
N 1s | 2.6 ± 0.331 | 2.4 ± 0.192 |
Cr 2p | 18.8 ± 0.291 | 16.0 ± 0.289 |
Mn 2p | 2.8 ± 0.153 | 4.5 ± 0.154 |
Fe 2p | 0.5 ± 0.123 | 0.4 ± 0.125 |
Si 2p | 5.5 ± 0.719 | 5.1 ± 0.661 |
Oxidation State | A430-1 (%) | A430-3 (%) |
---|---|---|
O 1s | ||
O2− | 56.8 | 45.8 |
OH− | 42.7 | 54.2 |
H2O | 0.5 | - |
Cr 2p | ||
Cr metal | 3.6 | 4.1 |
Cr3+—oxide | 48.2 | 49.9 |
Cr3+–hydroxide | 41.7 | 38.1 |
Cr6+—oxide | 6.5 | 7.9 |
Mn 2p | ||
Mn2+—oxide | 58.3 | 58.5 |
Tetragonal site | 18.2 | 24.4 |
Octahedral site | 40.1 | 34.1 |
Mn3+—hydroxide | 41.7 | 41.5 |
Si 2p | ||
Si4+—oxide | 100 | 100 |
Cr2O3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Annealing Time (s) | a (a.u.) | b (a.u.) | x0 (mm) | n (a.u.) | m (a.u.) | Model |
A430-1 | 42 | - | - | - | 139.0 | 0.38 | Equation (2) |
A430-2(A) | 42 | 50.0 | 1.22 | 7.0 | - | - | Equation (1) |
A430-2(B) | 55 | 89.0 | 0.55 | 6.0 | - | - | Equation (1) |
A430-3 | 50 | - | - | - | 6.0 | 0.01 | Equation (2) |
MnCr2O4 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Annealing Time (s) | a (a.u.) | b (a.u.) | x0 (mm) | n (a.u.) | m (a.u.) | Model |
A430-1 | 42 | - | - | - | 43.1 | 0.16 | Equation (2) |
A430-2(A) | 42 | - | - | - | 25.5 | 0.10 | Equation (2) |
A430-2(B) | 55 | 47.3 | 0.46 | 7.0 | - | - | Equation (1) |
A430-3 | 50 | - | - | - | 119.0 | 0.13 | Equation (2) |
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García, I.C.; Galindo, A.N.; Bello, J.F.A.; Leal, J.M.G.; Pedemonte, J.F.B. Characterisation of High Temperature Oxidation Phenomena during AISI 430 Stainless Steel Manufacturing under a Controlled H2 Atmosphere for Bright Annealing. Metals 2021, 11, 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020191
García IC, Galindo AN, Bello JFA, Leal JMG, Pedemonte JFB. Characterisation of High Temperature Oxidation Phenomena during AISI 430 Stainless Steel Manufacturing under a Controlled H2 Atmosphere for Bright Annealing. Metals. 2021; 11(2):191. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020191
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía, Irene Collado, Andrés Núñez Galindo, Juan F. Almagro Bello, Juan M. González Leal, and Javier F. Botana Pedemonte. 2021. "Characterisation of High Temperature Oxidation Phenomena during AISI 430 Stainless Steel Manufacturing under a Controlled H2 Atmosphere for Bright Annealing" Metals 11, no. 2: 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020191