Numerical Simulation of Wire Rod Cooling in Eutectoid Steel under Forced-Convection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Physical Model
3. Mathematical Model
- The problem is solved in a transitory state;
- The model considers a cartesian coordinate system in 3D;
- The thermophysical properties for steel are found as a function of temperature through polynomial functions for a eutectoid steel [20];
- The thermal condition at the boundary was determined from the thermal response on the specimen surface and the solution of the Inverse Heat Conduction Problem;
- The heat accumulation term was calculated from the transformation of austenite into pearlite through the JMAK model and the proposed UDF;
- Once the phase transformation starts, the cooling in the specimen followed a Newtonian behavior.
3.1. Thermal Model
3.2. Thermal Boundary Conditions
3.3. Microstructural Model
3.4. Solution Method Considerations
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Thermal Boundary Condition
4.2. Thermal History Estimation
4.3. Pearlite Evolution Estimation
4.4. Material
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Al | Cu | Ni | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.83 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.24 | 0.001 | 0.052 | 0.021 | 0.003 |
Specimen | Diameter (m) | Average Cooling Rate (°C s−1) | Average Air Velocity (m s−1) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.010 | 10 | 7.8 |
2 | 0.010 | 12 | 9.5 |
3 | 0.015 | 7 | 9.5 |
4 | 0.015 | 10 | 14.7 |
Specimen | D (m) | Va (m s−1) | Ar3-s (°C) | ti-s (s) | ΔT = Ae −Ar3-s | ΔtT (s) | Sp (nm) | HV0.1/15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.010 | 7.8 | 619 | 32 | 108 | 24 | 110 ± 15 | 337 ± 10 |
2 | 0.010 | 9.5 | 615 | 28 | 112 | 23 | 100 ± 10 | 343 ± 10 |
3 | 0.015 | 9.5 | 635 | 40 | 92 | 30 | 180 ± 17 | 313 ± 11 |
4 | 0.015 | 14.7 | 615 | 41 | 112 | 24 | 170 ± 16 | 343 ± 12 |
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López-Cornejo, M.S.; Vergara-Hernández, H.J.; Arreola-Villa, S.A.; Vázquez-Gómez, O.; Herrejón-Escutia, M. Numerical Simulation of Wire Rod Cooling in Eutectoid Steel under Forced-Convection. Metals 2021, 11, 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020224
López-Cornejo MS, Vergara-Hernández HJ, Arreola-Villa SA, Vázquez-Gómez O, Herrejón-Escutia M. Numerical Simulation of Wire Rod Cooling in Eutectoid Steel under Forced-Convection. Metals. 2021; 11(2):224. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020224
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Cornejo, Monserrat Sofía, Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández, Sixtos Antonio Arreola-Villa, Octavio Vázquez-Gómez, and Martín Herrejón-Escutia. 2021. "Numerical Simulation of Wire Rod Cooling in Eutectoid Steel under Forced-Convection" Metals 11, no. 2: 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020224