Frequency Analysis of Transients in Electrochemical Noise of Superalloys Waspaloy and Ultimet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Microstructural Characterization
2.3. Electrochemical Techniques
3. Results
3.1. OM Microstructural Analysis
3.2. Electrochemical Noise (EN)
3.2.1. Statistical Analysis
3.2.2. Power Spectral Density Analysis
3.2.3. Noise Impedance (Zn)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Results indicated that, after trend removal, EN signals conserved transients and fluctuation behavior and gave practical corrosion information for removing DC. The standard deviation of ECN and the noise resistance have direct relationships with the corrosion rate.
- Statistical analysis (time-domain) and PSD (frequency domain) results showed that NaCl Ultimet presents higher corrosion resistance at 60 °C than at 25 °C.
- In NaCl at 25 °C, Ultimet and Waspaloy presented localized corrosion, and at 60 °C mixed. Furthermore, in H2SO4 at 60 °C, Waspaloy presented uniform corrosion by LI evaluation parameter. Skewness showed the same result.
- When skewness is negative, it indicates a significant predominance of cathodic transients.
- EN results show that Rn and Ψ0 parameters should be considered as a counterpart to calculate the corrosion resistance of materials.
- For this type of superalloy, LI and skewness are more practical to determine corrosion than PSD slope.
- High kurtosis values are associated with a chaotic system.
- The discordance of statistical results could be related to developing a different corrosion process on the surface. When LI indicates mixed corrosion and skewness uniform corrosion, it suggests that localized and uniform corrosion occurs on the surface, but uniform corrosion is the predominant system.
- To reduce uncertainty created by a standard error in the calculation of kurtosis and skewness, it is necessary to increase the number of data acquired for EN characterization.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Superalloys | Elements | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni | Cr | Fe | Co | Mo | Si | C | W | Al | Ti | Zr | |
Ultimet | 9.2 | 25.5 | 3 | 54.1 | 4.8 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 2.1 | -- | -- | -- |
Waspaloy | 55.3 | 18.8 | 2.1 | 12.5 | 4.2 | 0.75 | 0.07 | -- | 1.4 | 3.4 | 0.01 |
Corrosion Type | LI |
---|---|
Localized | 1.0—0.1 |
Mixt | 0.1—0.01 |
Uniform | 0.01—0.001 |
Corrosion Type | Potential | Current | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Skewness | Kurtosis | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
Uniform | <±1 | <3 | <±1 | <3 |
Pitting | <−2 | >>3 | >±2 | >>3 |
Transgranular (SCC) | 4 | 20 | −4 | 20 |
Intergranular (SCC #1) | −6.6 | 18 to 114 | 1.5 to 3.2 | 6.4 to 15.6 |
Intergranular (SCC #2) | −2 to −6 | 5 to 45 | 3 to 6 | 10 to 60 |
Solution | T (°C) | Materials | Test | Rn | icorr (mA/cm2) | LI | Corrosion Type | Kurtosis | Corrosion Type | Skew (I) | Corrosion Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ohm) | (I) | ||||||||||
NaCl | 25 | Ultimet | 1 | 7.58 × 103 ± 379 | 3.43 × 10−3 ± 1.7 × 10−4 | 0.4 | Localized | 4.1 | Pitting | 1.04 | Pitting |
2 | 7.12 × 103 ± 356 | 3.41 × 10−3 ± 1.7 × 10−4 | 0.36 | Localized | 3.9 | Pitting | 1.09 | Pitting | |||
60 | 1 | 2.12 × 104 ± 1060 | 1.22 × 10−3 ± 6.1 × 10−5 | 0.02 | Mix | 29.4 | Pitting | 2.52 | Pitting | ||
2 | 2.02 × 104 ± 1010 | 1.19 × 10−3 ± 6.0 × 10−5 | 0.02 | Mix | 27.5 | Pitting | 2.68 | Pitting | |||
25 | Waspaloy | 1 | 8.64 × 103 ± 432 | 3.01 × 10−3 ± 1.5 × 10−4 | 0.11 | Localized | 38.43 | Pitting | 5.47 | Pitting | |
2 | 8.71 × 103 ± 435 | 3.09 × 10−3 ± 1.5 × 10−4 | 0.23 | Localized | 39.56 | Pitting | 5.51 | Pitting | |||
60 | 1 | 4.67 × 103 ± 233 | 5.56 × 10-3 ± 2.8 × 10−4 | 0.02 | Mix | 3.71 | Pitting | −0.49 | Uniform | ||
2 | 4.03 × 103 ± 201 | 5.65 × 10−3 ± 2.8 × 10−4 | 0.02 | Mix | 3.61 | Pitting | −0.52 | Uniform | |||
H2SO4 | 25 | Ultimet | 1 | 1.28 × 104 ± 640 | 2.02 × 10−3 ± 1.0 × 10−4 | 0.02 | Mix | 9.41 | Pitting | 1.01 | Pitting |
2 | 1.16 × 104 ± 580 | 2.00 × 10−3 ± 1.0 × 10−4 | 0.020 | Mix | 9.49 | Pitting | 1.09 | Pitting | |||
60 | 1 | 6.44 × 103 ± 322 | 4.04 × 10−3 ± 2.0 × 10−4 | 0.17 | Localized | 181.91 | Pitting | 11.32 | Pitting | ||
2 | 6.58 × 103 ± 329 | 4.02 × 10−3 ± 2.0 × 10−4 | 0.18 | Localized | 175.53 | Pitting | 11.01 | Pitting | |||
25 | Waspaloy | 1 | 1.40 × 104 ± 700 | 1.84 × 10−3 ± 9.2 × 10−5 | 0.1 | Mix | 61.82 | Pitting | 6.83 | Pitting | |
2 | 1.34 × 104 ± 670 | 1.91 × 10−3 ± 9.6 × 10−5 | 0.09 | Mix | 61.63 | Pitting | 6.71 | Pitting | |||
60 | 1 | 2.83 × 103 ± 141 | 9.18 × 10−3 ± 4.6 × 10−4 | 0.01 | Uniform | 6.05 | Pitting | 0.32 | Uniform | ||
2 | 2.95 × 103 ± 147 | 9.21 × 10−3 ± 4.6 × 10−4 | 0.01 | Uniform | 6.01 | Pitting | 0.29 | Uniform |
Corrosion Type | dB (V)·Decade−1 | dB (A)·Decade−1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
Uniform | 0 | −7 | 0 | −7 |
Pitting | −20 | −25 | −7 | −14 |
Passive | −15 | −25 | −1 | 1 |
Alloys | Terms | Ψ0 (dBi) | Β (dB (V)) | B (dB (A)) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ultimet | NaCl, 25 °C | −72.2 | −22.9 | −15.6 |
Waspaloy | −91.3 | −20.4 | 1.5 | |
Ultimet | NaCl, 60 °C | −78.7 | −6.1 | −4.0 |
Waspaloy | −82.3 | −13.0 | −11.4 | |
Ultimet | H2SO4, 25 °C | −71.3 | −10.4 | −7.5 |
Waspaloy | −71.7 | −11.5 | 1.4 | |
Ultimet | H2SO4, 60 °C | −52.9 | −14.2 | −11.4 |
Waspaloy | −59.7 | −15.2 | −13.3 |
Alloys | Terms | Ψ0 (dBi) | Zn (Ω·cm2) |
---|---|---|---|
Ultimet | NaCl, 25 °C | −72.2 | 8.1 × 104 |
Waspaloy | −91.3 | 1.2 × 105 | |
Ultimet | NaCl, 60 °C | −78.7 | 1.9 × 103 |
Waspaloy | −82.3 | 4.5 × 103 | |
Ultimet | H2SO4, 25 °C | −71.3 | 1.1 × 104 |
Waspaloy | −71.7 | 9.2 × 104 | |
Ultimet | H2SO4, 60 °C | −52.9 | 7.9 × 103 |
Waspaloy | −59.7 | 1.9 × 103 |
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Jáquez-Muñoz, J.M.; Gaona-Tiburcio, C.; Cabral-Miramontes, J.; Nieves-Mendoza, D.; Maldonado-Bandala, E.; Olguín-Coca, J.; Estupinán-López, F.; López-León, L.D.; Chacón-Nava, J.; Almeraya-Calderón, F. Frequency Analysis of Transients in Electrochemical Noise of Superalloys Waspaloy and Ultimet. Metals 2021, 11, 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050702
Jáquez-Muñoz JM, Gaona-Tiburcio C, Cabral-Miramontes J, Nieves-Mendoza D, Maldonado-Bandala E, Olguín-Coca J, Estupinán-López F, López-León LD, Chacón-Nava J, Almeraya-Calderón F. Frequency Analysis of Transients in Electrochemical Noise of Superalloys Waspaloy and Ultimet. Metals. 2021; 11(5):702. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050702
Chicago/Turabian StyleJáquez-Muñoz, Jesús Manuel, Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio, Jose Cabral-Miramontes, Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza, Erick Maldonado-Bandala, Javier Olguín-Coca, Francisco Estupinán-López, Luis Daimir López-León, José Chacón-Nava, and Facundo Almeraya-Calderón. 2021. "Frequency Analysis of Transients in Electrochemical Noise of Superalloys Waspaloy and Ultimet" Metals 11, no. 5: 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050702