Characteristics of Welding Residual Stress Distribution in Dissimilar Weld Joints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Test Methods
2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2. Measurement of Stress Change via Thermal Cycles
2.3. Welding Residual Stress Measurements
2.4. Finite-Element Analysis of Welding Residual Stress
3. Test Results and Discussion
3.1. Stress Distribution according to LNG Loading–Unloading Simulation
3.2. Welding Residual Stress Distribution in Dissimilar Weld Joints
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- When high-manganese austenitic steels and the STS pipe were joined, a tensile stress was generated at the dissimilar weld joint owing to the temperature difference generated during the LNG loading–unloading process. For the high-manganese austenitic steels, little shrinkage occurred; therefore, tensile stress was generated even at cryogenic temperatures. STS has a homogenous weld joint and identical thermal expansion coefficients; therefore, the shrinkage and expansion were not affected by the temperature change. High compressive stress was generated at cryogenic temperatures.
- (2)
- The measurement of the welding residual stress of the dissimilar weld joint indicated that the stress value was close to the yield stress of each material. A numerical analysis confirmed that there was no significant difference between the maximum residual stresses of the homogeneous and dissimilar welds.
- (3)
- It is believed that the stress generated by the temperature change and the welding residual stress overlapped and occurred during the loading–unloading process of the LNG tank; however, the final tensile stress was about 430 MPa, which below the yield stress was distributed in the storage tank, and it did not affect the safety of the structure.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Chemical Composition (Mass, %) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Si | Mn | Ni | P | S | Cr | |
H-Mn | 0.35–0.55 | 0.10–0.50 | 22.5–25.50 | - | Max. 0.03 | Max. 0.01 | - |
9% Ni | 0.051 | 0.252 | 0.660 | 9.448 | 0.010 | 0.001 | - |
STS304 | 0.016 | 0.21 | 1.72 | 8.26 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 19.25 |
Materials | Yield Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (μm/(m·°C)) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 °C | −165 °C | 25 °C | −165 °C | 25 °C | −165 °C | 25 °C | −165 °C | |
H-Mn | 432 | 773 | 879 | 1312 | 175 | 186 | 9 | 5 |
9% Ni | 668 | 925 | 707 | 1046 | 195 | 205 | 12 | 8 |
STS304 | 275 | 432 | 668 | 1527 | 201 | 214 | 16 | 12.5 |
Welding Conditions | FCAW | |
---|---|---|
Heat input | 8–10 KJ/cm | |
Groove shape | K-groove | |
Welding consumable | Size Φ (mm) | 1.2 |
Welding parameters | Current (A) | 180 |
Voltage (V) | 28–29 | |
Speed (cm/min) | 30–35 | |
Position | 1G | |
Shielding gas | Gas type | 80 % Ar/20 % CO2 |
Materials | Chemical Composition (wt.%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Si | Mn | Ni | P | S | |
PT-400HM | 0.25 | - | 18–24 | 4.0–8.0 | - | - |
DW-N709SP | 0.01 | 0.12 | 2.4 | 63.4 | 0.012 | 0.003 |
K-316LT | 0.03 | 0.65 | 1.20 | 12.7 | - | - |
Materials | Yield Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (%) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (μm/(m·°C)) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PT-400HM | ≥400 | ≥660 | ≥22 | 9 |
DW-N709SP | 440 | 712 | 43 | 12 |
K-316LT | 420 | 560 | 38 | 16 |
Gauge Pattern | Basic Type | Gauge L | Gauge W | Backing L | Backing W | Resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FCA-1 | 1 mm | 0.7 mm | 4.5 Φ | 4.5 Φ | 120 Ω |
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An, G.; Park, J.; Lim, W.; Park, H.; Han, I. Characteristics of Welding Residual Stress Distribution in Dissimilar Weld Joints. Metals 2022, 12, 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030405
An G, Park J, Lim W, Park H, Han I. Characteristics of Welding Residual Stress Distribution in Dissimilar Weld Joints. Metals. 2022; 12(3):405. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030405
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Gyubaek, Jeongung Park, Woongtaek Lim, Hongkyu Park, and Ilwook Han. 2022. "Characteristics of Welding Residual Stress Distribution in Dissimilar Weld Joints" Metals 12, no. 3: 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030405