A Link between Neutron and Ion Irradiation Hardening for Stainless Austenitic and Ferritic-Martensitic Steels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- The development of a methodology for determining the ion irradiation parameters, which ensure the radiation hardening of ferritic-martensitic and austenitic steels, as close as possible to the radiation hardening of the same steels under neutron irradiation;
- -
- The determination of microhardness and radiation hardening for ferritic-martensitic and austenitic steels after ion and neutron irradiation in various states;
- -
- The development of some transferability function which connects the temperatures under neutron and ion irradiation for ferritic-martensitic and austenitic steels and that provides the same hardening at a given damage dose.
2. Methodology for Determining the Ion Irradiation Parameters and Development of the Transferability Function from Neutron to Ion Irradiation
- The dependence () is constructed for the material irradiated by neutrons for the dose Dn or for doses Dn > Dsat, as Figure 3 illustrates.
- The investigated material is irradiated in an ion accelerator at various temperatures until the target damage dose is reached in the third test zone or .
- The microhardness of the irradiated layer is measured for the material after ion irradiation at various and the dependence () is determined.
- If the dependence () corresponds to variant A in Figure 3, then the transferability function = φ() is determined.
- If the dependence () corresponds to variant B in Figure 3, ion irradiation should be repeated, choosing another test zone in which the target dose is set closer to the surface (second or first). This stage provides an increase in the maximum dose of ion irradiation and an increase in the value.
- 6.
- The test zone in which the target dose is set varies until the dependence () begins to correspond to variant A.
3. Investigated Materials and Specimens
3.1. Investigated Materials
3.2. Specimens for Ion Irradiation
3.3. Specimens for Neutron Irradiation
4. Neutron and Ion Irradiation Conditions
4.1. Neutron Irradiation
4.1.1. Ferritic-Martensitic Steels
4.1.2. Austenitic Steels
4.2. Ion Irradiation
4.2.1. Ferritic-Martensitic Steels
4.2.2. Austenitic Steels
- -
- Continuous irradiation with Ni3+ or Ni4+ ions without injection of He;
- -
- Cyclic irradiation, in which the time of heavy ion irradiation required to set the target dose was divided into five identical cycles, between which the samples were irradiated with He+ ions.
5. Microhardness Measurement Procedure
6. Experimental Results
6.1. Microhardness of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels
6.1.1. After Neutron Irradiation
6.1.2. After Ion Irradiation
6.2. Microhardness for Austenitic Steels
6.2.1. After Neutron Irradiation
6.2.2. After Ion Irradiation
7. Construction of the Transferability Functions
7.1. Ferritic-Martensitic Steels
- -
- After neutron irradiation:
- -
- After ion irradiation:
- -
- After neutron irradiation:
- -
- After ion irradiation:
7.2. Austenitic Steels
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Mass Fraction of Chemical Elements, % | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | S | P | |
F1 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.70 | 12.1 | 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.003 | 0.013 |
F2 | 0.16 | 1.18 | 0.65 | 10.7 | 0.62 | 0.76 | 0.002 | 0.015 |
Nb | V | W | Ti | Al | B | N | ||
F1 | 0.11 | 0.20 | - | - | 0.029 | 0.03 | 0.059 | |
F2 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.04 |
Material | Mass Fraction of Chemical Elements, % | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Si | Mn | S | P | Cr | Ni | Co | Mo | |
A1 | 0.071 | 0.52 | 1.71 | 0.002 | 0.028 | 17.5 | 10.2 | 0.021 | 0.01 |
A2 | 0.065 | 0.48 | 1.65 | 0.004 | 0.026 | 15.3 | 20.2 | 0.027 | 2.59 |
Ti | Al | W | V | Nb | Cu | N | O | H | |
A1 | 0.53 | 0.110 | - | 0.025 | - | 0.018 | 0.0059 | 0.0012 | 0.00050 |
A2 | 0.63 | 0.146 | - | - | - | 0.040 | 0.0081 | 0.0042 | 0.00041 |
Material | , °C | Damage Dose, Dn, dpa |
---|---|---|
F1 | 390 | 10.3 |
390 | 11.6 | |
450 * | 11.6 | |
500 * | 11.6 | |
550 | 14.6 | |
F2 | 380 | 14 |
390 | 22 | |
410 | 33 | |
425 | 33 | |
580 | 22 |
Material | Reactor | , °C | Damage Dose, Dn, dpa |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | SM-3 | 60 | 10.2 |
WWER-440 | 280 | 15.7 | |
WWER-440 | 280 | 33.7 | |
WWER-440 | 400 (280) ** | 33.7 | |
WWER-440 | 450 (280) ** | 33.7 | |
WWER-440 | 500 (280) ** | 33.7 | |
WWER-440 | 550 (280) ** | 33.7 | |
WWER-440 | 600 (280) ** | 33.7 | |
BOR-60 | 330 | 10.8 | |
BOR-60 | 500 (330) ** | 10.8 | |
BOR-60 | 500 | 29.0 | |
BOR-60 | 550 (500) ** | 29.0 | |
BOR-60 | 600 (500) ** | 29.0 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 * | 500 | 11.3 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 * | 550 (500) ** | 11.3 | |
A2 | SM-3 | 60 | 12.1 |
BOR-60 | 330 | 10.8 | |
BOR-60 | 500 | 29.0 | |
BOR-60 | 550 (500) ** | 29.0 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 * | 500 | 11.3 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 * | 550 (500) ** | 11.3 |
Material | Identification Sample Marking | Damage Dose, Di, dpa | Specific He Concentration, η, appm/dpa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | X55 | 350 | 13 | 0.2 |
X56 | 400 | 13 | 0.2 | |
X57 | 450 | 13 | 0.2 | |
X58 | 500 | 13 | 0.2 | |
X59 | 550 | 13 | 0.2 | |
X60 | 600 | 13 | 0.2 | |
F2 | P30 | 350 | 15 | 0 |
P31 | 380 | 14 | 0.2 | |
P62 | 400 | 15 | 0 | |
P59 | 450 | 14 | 0.2 | |
P29 | 400 | 30 | 0 | |
P49 | 400 | 30 | 0.2 | |
P21 | 400 | 30 | 4.0 | |
P28 | 450 | 30 | 0 | |
P27 | 450 | 30 | 4.0 | |
P60 | 450 | 30 | 0.2 | |
P61 | 500 | 30 | 0 | |
P22 | 500 | 30 | 0.2 | |
P26 | 500 | 30 | 4.0 | |
P18 | 600 | 30 | 0.2 |
Material | Irradiation Condition | ||
---|---|---|---|
The Specific He Concentration, η, appm/dpa | The Target Damage Dose Di *, dpa | , °C | |
A1 | 0 | 13 | 300, 400, 500, 550, 650 |
0 | 30 | 400, 500 | |
7 | 13 | 300, 400, 500 | |
7 | 30 | 300, 400, 500, 550, 650 | |
A2 | 0 | 13 | 300, 400, 500 |
0 | 30 | 400, 500 |
Damage Dose Dn, dpa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
390 | 10.3 | 3650 | 2370 | 1280 |
390 | 11.6 | 3780 | 2370 | 1410 |
450 * | 11.6 | 3430 | 2370 | 1060 |
500 * | 11.6 | 2530 | 2370 | 160 |
550 | 14.6 | 2380 | 2370 | 10 |
, °C | Damage Dose Dn, dpa | , MPa | , MPa | , MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|
380 | 14 | 4220 | 2400 | 1820 |
390 | 22 | 4120 | 2400 | 1720 |
410 | 33 | 4050 | 2400 | 1650 |
425 | 33 | 3930 | 2400 | 1530 |
495 * | 11 * | - | - | 490 * |
580 | 22 | 2696 | 2400 | 296 |
Sample | Irradiation Parameters | , µm | Microhardness | MPa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
, °C | Di, dpa | η, appm/dpa | , MPa | MPa | |||
X55 | 350 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.57 | 3740 | 2350 | 1390 |
X56 | 400 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.51 | 3700 | 2350 | 1350 |
X57 | 450 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.78 | 3550 | 2350 | 1200 |
X58 | 500 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.56 | 2700 | 2350 | 350 |
X59 | 550 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.80 | 2507 | 2270 | 237 |
X60 | 600 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.80 | 2240 | 2200 | 40 |
Sample | Irradiation Parameters | µm | Microhardness | MPa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | Di, dpa | η, appm/dpa | MPa | MPa | |||
P30 | 350 | 15 | 0 | 0.34 | 3350 | 2360 | 990 |
P31 | 380 | 14 | 0.2 | 0.37 | 4000 | 2360 | 1640 |
P62 | 400 | 15 | 0 | 0.70 | 3276 | 2100 | 1176 |
P59 | 450 | 14 | 0.2 | 0.47 | 3843 | 2360 | 1483 |
P29 | 400 | 30 | 0 | 0.43 | 4214 | 2360 | 1854 |
P49 | 400 | 30 | 0.2 | 0.65 | 4019 | 2100 | 1919 |
P21 | 400 | 30 | 4.0 | 0.33 | 4278 | 2360 | 1918 |
P28 | 450 | 30 | 0 | 0.47 | 3670 | 2360 | 1310 |
P27 | 450 | 30 | 4.0 | 0.54 | 4050 | 2360 | 1690 |
P60 | 450 | 30 | 0.2 | 0.60 | 3552 | 2100 | 1452 |
P61 | 500 | 30 | 0 | 0.60 | 2460 | 2100 | 360 |
P22 | 500 | 30 | 0.2 | 0.64 | 2966 | 2166 | 866 |
P26 | 500 | 30 | 4.0 | 0.47 | 2953 | 2360 | 607 |
P18 | 600 | 30 | 0.2 | 0.60 | 2253 | 2100 | 153 |
Materials | Reactor | , °C | D, dpa | , MPa | , MPa | , MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | SM-3 | 60 | 10.2 | 2700 | 1420 | 1280 |
WWER-440 | 280 | 15.7 | 3700 | 1420 | 2280 | |
WWER-440 | 280 | 33.7 | 3550 | 1420 | 2130 | |
WWER-440 | 400 (280) | 33.7 | 3540 | 1420 | 2120 | |
WWER-440 | 450 (280) | 33.7 | 3650 | 1420 | 2230 | |
WWER-440 | 500 (280) | 33.7 | 3410 | 1420 | 1990 | |
WWER-440 | 550 (280) | 33.7 | 3060 | 1420 | 1640 | |
WWER-440 | 600 (280) | 33.7 | 2740 | 1420 | 1320 | |
BOR-60 | 330 | 10.8 | 3640 | 1420 | 2220 | |
BOR-60 | 500 (330) | 10.8 | 3390 | 1420 | 1970 | |
BOR-60 | 500 | 29.0 | 3290 | 1420 | 1870 | |
BOR-60 | 550 (500) | 29.0 | 2940 | 1420 | 1520 | |
BOR-60 | 600 (500) | 29.0 | 2760 | 1420 | 1340 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 | 500 | 11.3 | 3310 | 1420 | 1890 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 | 550 (500) | 11.3 | 3010 | 1420 | 1590 | |
A2 | SM-3 | 60 | 12.1 | 2780 | 1450 | 1330 |
BOR-60 | 330 | 10.8 | 3520 | 1450 | 2070 | |
BOR-60 | 500 | 29.0 | 3330 | 1450 | 1880 | |
BOR-60 | 550 (500) | 29.0 | 2950 | 1450 | 1500 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 | 500 | 11.3 | 3180 | 1450 | 1730 | |
SM-3 + BOR-60 | 550 (500) | 11.3 | 2980 | 1450 | 1530 |
Temperature of Post-Irradiation Annealing, °C | ΔσY, MPa | , MPa |
---|---|---|
600 | 439 | 1330 |
700 | 104 | 315 |
800 | 4 | 12 |
Sample | Irradiation Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Di, dpa | η, appm/dpa | |||||
S38 | 300 | 13 | 0 | 0.52 | 2648 | 1228 |
S39 | 400 | 13 | 0 | 0.44 | 2395 | 975 |
S18 | 400 | 30 | 0 | 0.45 | 3685 | 2265 |
S40 | 500 | 13 | 0 | 0.98 | 2208 | 788 |
S19 | 500 | 30 | 0 | 0.44 | 3490 | 2070 |
S41 | 550 | 13 | 0 | 0.84 | 2121 | 701 |
S42 | 650 | 13 | 0 | 0.57 | 2140 | 720 |
S35 | 300 | 13 | 7 | 0.65 | 2984 | 1564 |
S23 | 300 | 30 | 7 | 0.51 | 2711 | 1291 |
S36 | 400 | 13 | 7 | 0.70 | 2471 | 1051 |
S43 | 400 | 13 | 7 | 0.57 | 2580 | 1160 |
S20 | 400 | 30 | 7 | 0.40 | 3700 | 2280 |
S37 | 500 | 13 | 7 | 0.47 | 2616 | 1196 |
S21 | 500 | 30 | 7 | 0.47 | 3568 | 2148 |
S44 | 550 | 30 | 7 | 0.43 | 2740 | 1320 |
S22 | 650 | 30 | 7 | 0.51 | 2100 | 680 |
Sample | Irradiation Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Di, dpa | η, appm/dpa | |||||
2.95 | 300 | 13 | 0 | 0.58 | 2629 | 1179 |
2.96 | 400 | 13 | 0 | 0.58 | 2457 | 1007 |
2.98 | 500 | 13 | 0 | 0.58 | 2562 | 1112 |
2.93 | 400 | 30 | 0 | 0.46 | 3563 | 2113 |
2.94 | 500 | 30 | 0 | 0.65 | 3239 | 1789 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Margolin, B.; Sorokin, A.; Belyaeva, L. A Link between Neutron and Ion Irradiation Hardening for Stainless Austenitic and Ferritic-Martensitic Steels. Metals 2024, 14, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010099
Margolin B, Sorokin A, Belyaeva L. A Link between Neutron and Ion Irradiation Hardening for Stainless Austenitic and Ferritic-Martensitic Steels. Metals. 2024; 14(1):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010099
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargolin, Boris, Alexander Sorokin, and Lyubov Belyaeva. 2024. "A Link between Neutron and Ion Irradiation Hardening for Stainless Austenitic and Ferritic-Martensitic Steels" Metals 14, no. 1: 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010099