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Article

The Right to Be Oneself: The International and Italian Situation Regarding Gender Incongruence, Focusing on Legislation, Rights, Access to Care, and Appropriateness

by
Nicola Di Fazio
1,
Giuseppe Delogu
1,
Miriam Ottaviani
1,
Gianpietro Volonnino
1,*,
Mauro Arcangeli
2,
Fabio Del Duca
1,
Biancamaria Treves
1,* and
Raffaele La Russa
2
1
Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Laws 2025, 14(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14010003
Submission received: 26 September 2024 / Revised: 13 December 2024 / Accepted: 27 December 2024 / Published: 30 December 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Human Rights)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Gender incongruence is a current issue with implications in the legislative, social, and healthcare fields. In this context, misinformation is, at present, the main enemy of transgender rights equity. Over time, the scientific community has worked to reclassify this condition, removing it from psychiatric diagnoses. The method of our work involved investigating and comparing the different social and legislative measures adopted by various countries to ensure the rights and equality of individuals with gender incongruence. The result showed that there are various international approaches allowing adult and minor patients to access medical and administrative procedures for gender transition. In conclusion, there appears to be a need for international bioethical and legislative guidance in order to reduce and eventually eliminate the social inequalities faced by individuals with gender incongruence.
Keywords: gender incongruence; human rights; transgender; transsexualism; gender disphorya; puberty blockers gender incongruence; human rights; transgender; transsexualism; gender disphorya; puberty blockers

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MDPI and ACS Style

Di Fazio, N.; Delogu, G.; Ottaviani, M.; Volonnino, G.; Arcangeli, M.; Del Duca, F.; Treves, B.; La Russa, R. The Right to Be Oneself: The International and Italian Situation Regarding Gender Incongruence, Focusing on Legislation, Rights, Access to Care, and Appropriateness. Laws 2025, 14, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14010003

AMA Style

Di Fazio N, Delogu G, Ottaviani M, Volonnino G, Arcangeli M, Del Duca F, Treves B, La Russa R. The Right to Be Oneself: The International and Italian Situation Regarding Gender Incongruence, Focusing on Legislation, Rights, Access to Care, and Appropriateness. Laws. 2025; 14(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14010003

Chicago/Turabian Style

Di Fazio, Nicola, Giuseppe Delogu, Miriam Ottaviani, Gianpietro Volonnino, Mauro Arcangeli, Fabio Del Duca, Biancamaria Treves, and Raffaele La Russa. 2025. "The Right to Be Oneself: The International and Italian Situation Regarding Gender Incongruence, Focusing on Legislation, Rights, Access to Care, and Appropriateness" Laws 14, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14010003

APA Style

Di Fazio, N., Delogu, G., Ottaviani, M., Volonnino, G., Arcangeli, M., Del Duca, F., Treves, B., & La Russa, R. (2025). The Right to Be Oneself: The International and Italian Situation Regarding Gender Incongruence, Focusing on Legislation, Rights, Access to Care, and Appropriateness. Laws, 14(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14010003

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