Investigation of Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rural Northeast China: Pollution Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Health Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sites and Sampling
2.2. Sample Treatment
2.2.1. Extraction and Purification
2.2.2. Quality Control
2.2.3. Chromatographic Conditions
2.3. Health Risks Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Pollution Characteristics of Indoor PAHs
3.1.1. The Concentration of PAHs
3.1.2. Ratio of Different Ring of PAHs
3.2. The Source Apportionment
3.3. Carcinogenic Risks Assessment
3.3.1. Toxic Equivalent Concentration
3.3.2. Assessment of Lifelong Lung Carcinogenic Risk (ILCR)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Ring | Category | Carcinogenicity * |
---|---|---|---|
Naphthalene (Nap) | 2 | Low Ring (LR) | 2B |
Acenaphthene (Ace) | 3 | 3 | |
Acenaphthylene (Acy) | 3 | - | |
Anthracene (Ant) | 3 | 3 | |
Fluorene (Flu) | 3 | 3 | |
Phenanthrene (Phe) | 3 | 3 | |
Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) | 4 | Middle Ring (MR) | 2B |
Chrysene (Chr) | 4 | 2B | |
Fluoranthene (Fla) | 4 | 3 | |
Pyrene (Pyr) | 4 | 3 | |
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) | 5 | High Ring (HR) | 1 |
Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) | 5 | 2B | |
Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) | 5 | 2B | |
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA) | 5 | 2B | |
Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) | 6 | 3 | |
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP) | 6 | 2A |
Monomer PAH | TEF | Monomer PAH | TEF |
---|---|---|---|
Nap | 0.001 | Fla | 0.001 |
Ace | 0.001 | Pyr | 0.001 |
Acy | 0.001 | BaP | 1 |
Ant | 0.01 | BbF | 0.1 |
Flu | 0.001 | BkF | 0.1 |
Phe | 0.001 | DahA | 1 |
BaA | 0.1 | BghiP | 0.01 |
Chr | 0.01 | IcdP | 0.1 |
Symbol | Unit | Meanings | Child | Adult | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSFing | (kg·d)/mg | Carcinogenic slope coefficient of oral and hand ingestion | 7.3 | [57] | |
CSFinh | (kg·d)/mg | Carcinogenic slope coefficient of respiratory intake | 3.85 | [57] | |
CSFder | (kg·d)/mg | Carcinogenic slope coefficient of skin intake | 25 | [57] | |
EF | d/a | Exposure frequency | 350 | [58] | |
ED | a | Exposure duration | 6 | 24 | [58] |
AT | d | Average exposure time | 25,550 | [59] | |
IRing | mg/d | Dust ingestion rate (IRingestion) | 200 | 100 | [60] |
IRinh | m3/d | Inhalation rate (IRinhalation) | 5 | 20 | [14] |
BW | kg | Body weight | 16 | 62 | [14] |
PEF | m3/kg | Particle emission factor | 1.32 × 109 | [61] | |
SA | cm2 | Dermal exposure area | 1600 | 4350 | [58] |
SL | mg/(cm2·d) | Skin adhesion | 0.2 | 0.07 | [62] |
ABS | - | Dermal adsorption fraction | 0.13 | [62] |
Time | LR | MR | HR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 Rings | 3 Rings | 4 Rings | 5 Rings | 6 Rings | |
Total year | 20.28% | 43.26% | 36.46% | ||
0.72% | 19.56% | 43.26% | 20.00% | 16.46% | |
Heating season | 19.74% | 38.16% | 42.10% | ||
0.59% | 19.15% | 38.16% | 18.73% | 23.37% | |
Non-heating season | 20.63% | 46.67% | 32.70% | ||
0.82% | 19.81% | 46.67% | 20.86% | 11.84% |
Time | Population | ILCRing | ILCRinh | ILCRder |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total year | Adult | 42.450% | 0.003% | 57.547% |
Child | 58.400% | 0.001% | 41.599% | |
Heating season | Adult | 42.449% | 0.003% | 57.548% |
Child | 58.398% | 0.001% | 41.601% | |
Non-heating season | Adult | 42.448% | 0.003% | 57.549% |
Child | 58.401% | 0.001% | 41.598% |
Location | Region | Time | Types * | Concentrations (ng/m3) | Fuels | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hubei | Central China | Hp (Winter) | 15 | 922 ± 731 | Coal, Wood | [37] |
Henan | Hp (Winter) | 16 | 762.5 ± 931.2 | Coal, LPG, Electricity | [38] | |
Henan | Hp (Autumn) | 16 | 150 ± 105 | Coal | [38] | |
Hebei | North China | Hp (Winter) | 22 | 7500 ± 4100 | Biomass + LPG | [36] |
Hebei | Np (Summer) | 22 | 980 ± 110 | LPG | [36] | |
Shanxi | Hp (Winter) | 16 | 219.1 ± 192.9 | Coal | [39] | |
Jiangsu | East China | Np (Autumn) | 15 | 546 ± 95 | Biomass | [40] |
Zhejiang | Hp (Winter) | 15 | 204.11 | Biomass | [41] | |
Shanxi | Northwest China | Hp (Winter) | 19 | 211 ± 120 | Solid fuels | [43] |
Shanxi | Hp (Winter) | 19 | 104 ± 132 | Coal + Straw | [42] | |
Sichuan | Southwest China | Hp (Winter) | 16 | 133.1 ± 107.3 | Biomass | [39] |
Guizhou | Hp (Winter) | 16 | 125–1641 | Wood | [44] | |
Guizhou | Hp (Winter) | 16 | 32.64 | Coal | [45] | |
Xizang | Np (Summer) | 16 | 2750 ± 2400 | Cow dung | [46] | |
Xizang | Hp (Winter) | 13 | 538 | Biomass | [47] | |
This study | Northeast China | Hp | 16 | 465.1 | Biomass + LPG + Electricity | |
This study | Np | 16 | 350.5 | LPG + Electricity | ||
This study | Total year | 16 | 815.6 | Biomass + LPG + Electricity |
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Bai, L.; Li, C. Investigation of Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rural Northeast China: Pollution Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Health Assessment. Buildings 2022, 12, 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020153
Bai L, Li C. Investigation of Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rural Northeast China: Pollution Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Health Assessment. Buildings. 2022; 12(2):153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020153
Chicago/Turabian StyleBai, Li, and Chunhui Li. 2022. "Investigation of Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rural Northeast China: Pollution Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Health Assessment" Buildings 12, no. 2: 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020153