Barriers, Strategies, and Best Practices for BIM Adoption in Quebec Prefabrication Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- BIM;
- (2)
- Deployment or implementation or adoption or strategies or “best practices” or barriers;
- (3)
- SMEs or “small and medium-sized enterprises” or prefabrication or “offsite construction” or “modular construction” or industrialization.
4. BIM Implementation in Construction and Prefabrication
4.1. BIM Implementation Barriers
4.2. Strategies for BIM Implementation
4.3. Best Practices for BIM Adoption
4.4. Global BIM Implementation Framework in Prefabrication
5. BIM Implementation within the Prefabrication SMEs in the Province of Quebec
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Semi-Structured Interview Questions
- -
- Can you tell us about yourself and your professional background?
- -
- How long have you been using BIM, and for which types of projects?
- -
- What are the benefits and applications of BIM in both a small and a large project?
- -
- According to your expertise, what are the barriers to BIM implementation and the risks to consider before making this digital shift?
- -
- Can you tell us about your role in this process? (If BIM manager, what are the skills that a BIM manager should have?)
- -
- Can you describe the strategies followed to move from the traditional way of working to BIM in your organization? (before, during, and after implementation)
- -
- What are the problems often encountered when implementing BIM?
- -
- Once implemented, can you tell us about the best practices for adapting to this new process?
- -
- What is the role of each actor in this process and at what stage of the project should they act (architect/engineer/contractor/client/BIM manager)?
- -
- Can you explain the coordination and communication procedure between all stakeholders to take advantage of BIM? (meeting, phone, email)
- -
- What BIM software do you use and recommend to your clients, and on what basis do you make such a choice?
- -
- In the BIM method, can you tell us about the new information to be specified in the regulation and contractual documents?
- -
- Once implemented, what is the process the company should follow to evaluate its progress via BIM?
- -
- What do you think of BIM in prefabrication (its usefulness, its particularities during implementation, etc.)?
- -
- Which actors are the most reluctant to implement BIM, and how do you manage this situation to motivate them toward this approach?
- -
- Can you tell us about the current state of the Quebec prefabrication industry with respect to BIM and how well the industry has mastered it?
Appendix A.2. Survey Results
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Characteristics | Interviews | Survey |
---|---|---|
Goal | Analyze BIM implementation status in Quebec as well as the issues faced and strategies used by BIM experts | Analyze the status of prefabrication SMEs and their opinion about BIM implementation |
Number of respondents | 9 | 15, 9 completed the entire survey |
Respondents’ expertise | BIM implementation and applications | Prefabrication of 2D and 3D elements |
Average years of experience with BIM adoption and use | 8 years | 3 have started BIM application in their projects and have respectively 1 year, 2 years, and more than 5 years of experience |
Respondents’ position | 1 BIM manager 6 BIM directors 2 academic researchers | 5 project managers 4 other positions (sales manager, CEO, etc.) |
Class | Barriers | Interviews | Literature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Const. | Prefab. | Const. | Prefab. | ||
HB | B1: Resistance to change | √ | √ | √ | √ |
B2: Misunderstanding of BIM process | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B3: Confusion between BIM dimensions | √ | √ | Ø | Ø | |
B4: Communication and collaboration shortage | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B5: More effort and time for planning | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B6: Waive professional liability | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B7: Use of 2D plan instead of 3D model | √ | Ø | Ø | Ø | |
B8: BIM is riskier than beneficial | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B9: Employee control and monitoring | √ | √ | Ø | Ø | |
TB | B10: Need for learning new tools | √ | Ø | √ | √ |
B11: Wide variety of tools | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B12: Interoperability problems | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B13: Need for technological updating | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B14: Gap between the actors’ maturity level | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B15: Need to specify the prefabricated objects and MEP details in the software database | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B16: Need for computer translation from the BIM model to production machines | Ø | √ | Ø | Ø | |
FB | B17: High investment cost | √ | √ | √ | √ |
OB | B18: Information overload | √ | √ | Ø | Ø |
B19: Lack of an action plan | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B20: Wrong diagnosis of the company’s needs | √ | √ | Ø | Ø | |
B21: Wrong assessment of the maturity level | √ | √ | Ø | Ø | |
B22: Using BIM tools without culture change | √ | √ | Ø | Ø | |
B23: Training without practice | √ | √ | Ø | Ø | |
B24: Lack of BIM alignment with existing business processes | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B25: Improper risk assessment | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B26: Lack of process standardization | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
LB | B27: The classic form of contracts | √ | √ | √ | √ |
B28: Intellectual property of the 3D model | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B29: Poor definition of BIM protocol | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
B30: Confidential data security | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Barrier Class | Best Practices | Interviews (%) | Lit. (%) |
---|---|---|---|
HB | BP1: Clarify BIM concepts and baselines to the entire group | 67 | 67 |
BP2: Hire/appoint a small team of experts for the mission | 55 | 13 | |
BP3: Appoint a special group to check the updates and to review the models after each step | 55 | 33 | |
BP4: Provide more effort at an early stage of the project | 67 | 40 | |
BP5: Get informed about the market and technology news | 22 | 0 | |
BP6: Support the team during this shift | 100 | 87 | |
BP7: Make sure each actor is well informed after each step | 67 | 27 | |
BP8: Provide continuous effort | 89 | 7 | |
BP9: Encourage communication and collaboration | 100 | 87 | |
BP10: Share positive experiences and knowledge | 55 | 67 | |
BP11: Ensure the internal experts’ motivation | 55 | 7 | |
BP12: Start BIM experience with most motivated members | 22 | 27 | |
TB | BP13: Analyze company technical needs before purchasing software | 89 | 53 |
BP14: Check the interoperability factor | 67 | 73 | |
BP15: Create a product database and a library | 67 | 47 | |
FB | BP16: Regular analysis of the financial status | 22 | 73 |
BP17: Perform an ROI study and respect it | 22 | 53 | |
BP18: Compute profit (cost, time, quality) | 55 | 87 | |
OB | BP19: Efficiently use 3D models instead of 2D plans | 67 | 53 |
BP20: Review the reliability of the model information | 100 | 67 | |
BP21: Integrate BIM into current processes | 67 | 53 | |
BP22: Simplify and facilitate the process (go step-by-step) | 22 | 33 | |
BP23: Standardize BIM processes | 55 | 80 | |
BP24: Pay more attention to the planning and design phases | 67 | 20 | |
BP25: Apply BIM even if not required by the client | 22 | 27 | |
BP26: Update and review the process after each step | 100 | 27 | |
BP27: Provide manuals as references | 33 | 47 | |
BP28: Make logistics simulations when needed | 22 | 33 | |
BP29: Use KPIs for BIM assessment | 55 | 60 | |
BP30: Document each step | 33 | 40 | |
LB | BP31: Adapt contract to highlight BIM requirements | 55 | 60 |
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Ben Mahmoud, B.; Lehoux, N.; Blanchet, P.; Cloutier, C. Barriers, Strategies, and Best Practices for BIM Adoption in Quebec Prefabrication Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Buildings 2022, 12, 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040390
Ben Mahmoud B, Lehoux N, Blanchet P, Cloutier C. Barriers, Strategies, and Best Practices for BIM Adoption in Quebec Prefabrication Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Buildings. 2022; 12(4):390. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040390
Chicago/Turabian StyleBen Mahmoud, Basma, Nadia Lehoux, Pierre Blanchet, and Caroline Cloutier. 2022. "Barriers, Strategies, and Best Practices for BIM Adoption in Quebec Prefabrication Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)" Buildings 12, no. 4: 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040390